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Lecture 2 18.3.2024

The document discusses the relationship between operating systems (OS) and computer architecture, emphasizing how architectural features can simplify or complicate OS tasks. Key features supporting OS needs include timer operations, synchronization, memory protection, I/O control, and protected instructions, which enable the OS to manage user programs securely. It also covers the mechanisms for crossing protection boundaries, handling exceptions, and managing I/O operations, highlighting the importance of system calls and interrupts in OS functionality.

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2 views14 pages

Lecture 2 18.3.2024

The document discusses the relationship between operating systems (OS) and computer architecture, emphasizing how architectural features can simplify or complicate OS tasks. Key features supporting OS needs include timer operations, synchronization, memory protection, I/O control, and protected instructions, which enable the OS to manage user programs securely. It also covers the mechanisms for crossing protection boundaries, handling exceptions, and managing I/O operations, highlighting the importance of system calls and interrupts in OS functionality.

Uploaded by

patrickmafuru12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Architectural Support

for OS

Lecture: Dr. S.B KISANJARA


OS and Architectures

• What an OS can do is dictated, at least in part, by


the architecture.
• Architecture support can greatly simplify (or
complicate) OS tasks
• Example: PC operating systems have been
primitive, in part because PCs lacked hardware
support (e.g., for VM)

03/26/25 2
Architectural Features for OS

• Features that directly support OS needs include:


– 1. timer (clock) operation
– 2. synchronization (atomic instructions)
– 3. memory protection
– 4. I/O control and operation
– 5. interrupts and exceptions
– 6. OS protection (kernel/user mode)
– 7. protected instructions
– 8. system calls

03/26/25 3
Protected Instructions

• some instructions are typically restricted to the


O.S.
– users cannot be allowed direct access to I/O
(disks, printers, etc) [can be done through either
privileged instructions or through memory
mapping]
– must control instructions that manipulate
memory management state (page table
pointers, TLB load, etc)
– setting of special mode bits (kernel mode)

03/26/25 4
OS Protection

• How do we know if we can execute a protected


instruction?
– architecture must support (at least) two modes
of operation: kernel mode and user mode
– mode is indicated by a status bit in a protected
processor register
– user programs execute in user mode; the os
executes in kernel mode
• Protected instructions can only be executed in
kernel mode.

03/26/25 5
Crossing Protection Boundaries

• For a user to do something “privileged” (e.g., I/O) it must


call an OS procedure.
• How does a user-mode program call a kernel-mode service?
• There must be a system call instruction that:
– causes an exception, which vectors to a kernel handler
– passes a parameter, saying which system routine to call
– saves caller’s state (PC, mode bit) so it can be restored
– arch must permit OS to verify caller’s parameters
– must provide a way to return to user mode when done

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Protection Modes and Crossing
OS Kernel
trap handler system service routine

trap to kernel
mode kernel mode

return to user mode user mode

system call

User Programs

7
Memory Protection

•must be able to protect user programs from each other


•must protect OS from user programs
•may or may not protect user programs from OS
•simplest scheme is base and limit registers:
memory

Prog C base register •base and limit registers


Prog A are loaded by the OS
limit register
before starting a program
Prog B

•virtual memory and segmentation are similar


8
Exceptions

• hardware must detect special conditions: page fault, write to


a read-only page, overflow, trace trap, odd address trap,
privileged instruction trap, syscall...
• must transfer control to handler within the O.S.
• hardware must save state on fault (PC, etc) so that the
faulting process can be restarted afterwards
• modern operating systems use VM traps for many
functions: debugging, distributed VM, garbage collection,
copy-on-write...
• exceptions are a performance optimization, i.e., conditions
could be detected by inserting extra instructions in the code
(at high cost)

03/26/25 9
I/O Control

• I/O issues:
– how to start an I/O (special instructions or memory-
mapped I/O
– I/O completion (interrupts)
• Interrupts are the basis for asynchronous I/O EXAM
– device controller performs an operation asynch to CPU
– device sends an interrupt signal on bus when done
– in memory is a vector table containing a list of addresses
of kernel routines to handle various events
– CPU switches to address indicated by vector specified by
the interrupt signal

03/26/25 10
I/O Control (cont) exam
device interrupts

CPU stops current operation, switches to


kernel mode, and saves current PC and
other state on kernel stack

CPU fetches proper vector from


vector table and branches to that
address (to routine to handle
interrupt)

interrupt routine examines device database


and performs action required by interrupt

handler completes operation, restores saved


(interrupted state) and returns to user mode
(or calls scheduler to switch to another
11
program)
Timer Operation

• how does the OS prevent against runaway user programs


(infinite loops)?
• a timer can be set to generate an interrupt in a given time
• before it transfers to a user program, the OS loads the timer
with a time to interrupt
• when the time arrives, the executing program is interrupted
and the OS regains control
• this ensures that the OS can get the CPU back even if a user
program erroneously or purposely continues to execute
past some allotted time.
• the timer is privileged: only the OS can load it

03/26/25 12
Synchronization

• Interrupts cause potential problems because an interrupt


can occur at any time -- causing code to execute that
interferes with code that was interrupted
• OS must be able to synchronize concurrent processes.
• This involves guaranteeing that short instruction sequences
(read-modify-write) execute atomically.
• One way to guarantee this is to turn off interrupts before the
sequence, execute it, and re-enable interrupts; CPU must
have a way to disable interrupts.
• Another is to have special instructions that can perform a
read/modify/write in a single cycle, or can atomically test
and conditionally set a bit, based on its previous value.

03/26/25 13
EXERCISE
1. What do you understand the following terms as used in
OS?
i. System Call
ii. Interrupt
iii. Exception
iv. Error handler
v. User Mode and Kernel mode
vi. Synchronization and synchronization
2. Step by step briefly explain how controlling of I/O can be
done in OS.
3. With a well labeled diagram supported with brief
explanations, illustrate How does a user-mode program call
a kernel-mode service?
4. What is user model and kernel mode in OS?
5. Why user programmes executes in user mode and kernel
progrmmes executes in kernel mode?
03/26/25 14

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