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Lecture 14 - DL Layer

The lecture covers key concepts of wireless MAC protocols, focusing on CSMA/CA, MACA/W protocol, and the BEB algorithm. It explains the operation of RTS/CTS frames in avoiding collisions and the characteristics of the 802.11 MAC layer, including both physical and virtual carrier sensing. Additionally, it discusses the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the importance of interframe spaces in managing access to the wireless medium.

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4 views24 pages

Lecture 14 - DL Layer

The lecture covers key concepts of wireless MAC protocols, focusing on CSMA/CA, MACA/W protocol, and the BEB algorithm. It explains the operation of RTS/CTS frames in avoiding collisions and the characteristics of the 802.11 MAC layer, including both physical and virtual carrier sensing. Additionally, it discusses the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the importance of interframe spaces in managing access to the wireless medium.

Uploaded by

aalikhan.bee22seecs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture objectives

To learn about:
1 – CSMA/CA
2 – MACA/W protocol
3 – BEB algorithm
Q
Can we adopt CSMA/CD
(used in wired Ethernet)
for use in wireless
networks

MAC for wireless networks


1 The basis of CSMA/CA
Special Frames: ACK, RTS, CTS

03
Working of MACA

• ‘A’ sends RTS frame to ‘B’


– RTS frame is of 30 bytes containing the length of the data frame
that will follow
• ‘B’ replies with a CTS that copies length information from
RTS
• ‘A’ starts transmitting upon receiving the CTS
• Any station that hears RTS remains silent till CTS comes
back to ‘A’
• Similarly any station that receives the CTS must remain
silent till data packets are received by ‘B’
Multiple Access Collision Avoidance
Proposed to overcome(MACA)
hidden/exposed node problems

A B
AP

RTS(A) RTS(B)

reservation collision
RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)
defer
time
802.11 CSMA/ CA MAC

Physical
carrier
sensing

Virtual carrier sensing(through setting of NAV)


2Key characteristics of
802.11 CSMA/ CA MAC
CSMA - CA

Physical
as well as
Virtual
Carrier Sensing
CSMA - CA
1

Physical Carrier Sensing


(listen before transmit)
CSMA - CA
2

Virtual Carrier Sensing


(a-priori knowledge of other’s transmissions)
CSMA - CA

Collision Avoidance
CSMA - CA
1

Physical
as well as
Virtual
Carrier Sensing
CSMA - CA
2
Conservative approach
to transmit over idle medium

Exponential backoff
1) on sensing medium busy
2) on not receiving acknowledgements
Conservative approach
to transmit over idle medium
The 802.11 MAC Layer
• The 802.11 MAC layer simultaneously supports
both multiple access and time division
multiplexed access

– Distributed Coordination Function (DCF):


• Contention-based access: Multiple access using binary
exponential backoff
• Can optionally use RTS/CTS
– Point Coordination Function (PCF): (optional)
• Contention-free access: Time Division Multiplexing arbitrated
by the access point (AP)

• Long packets are fragmented at the MAC Layer


• Positive ACKs are used for reliability
•
The 802.11 MAC Layer
Even when the medium is available, wireless nodes wait
for fixed amount of time before transmitting

• Three wait durations:


– Short Interframe Space (SIFS)

– DCF Interframe Space (DIFS)

– PCF Interframe Space (PIFS)


The 802.11 MAC Layer

Contention window

Busy Transmission

SIFS

PIFS

DIFS
The 802.11 MAC Layer: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

• 802.11 DCF is a distributed channel access mechanism

• RTS/CTS is used optionally in DCF

• DCF uses two types of carrier sensing

– Physical carrier sensing

– Virtual carrier sensing


The 802.11 MAC Layer: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

Virtual carrier sensing

• In virtual carrier sensing, a transmitted frame


informs all other nodes that they should defer
their transmission

• The amount of deferred time is called the


Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
The 802.11 MAC Layer: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

SIFS SIFS DIFS


SIFS

Sender RTS MAC Frame

Receiver CTS ACK

NAV NAV (RTS)

NAV (CTS)

Drawing based on Figure 3.5, pg. 20,


Mathew S. Gast, 2nd ed.
Fragmenting packets
Flow diagram of CSMA/CA

03
[ End of lecture ]

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