COURSE TITLE: INFORMATION SYSTEMS

FUNDAMENTALS

COURSE CODE: IS 2103

 Module 1: Introduction to Computers
Systems
Learning unit
• General introduction,
• Computer sub-system,
• Hardware/ software/ human resource,
• Data/operating environment,
• Computer hardware, system unit, monitor/
keyboard/ mouse/ printer, computer software,
application software.
 Computer Sub-Systems

• Content:
– Definition of sub-systems
– Overview of main components:
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
Definition of sub-systems
• distinct functional parts that work together to
perform overall tasks.
• Each sub-system has specific roles and
responsibilities, contributing to the efficient
operation of the complete system.
• Key Characteristics:
• Interdependence: Sub-systems rely on one another for
functionality. For example, the input sub-system depends on
the processing sub-system to execute commands.
• Specialization: Each sub-system is designed to perform
particular functions, such as data processing or user
interaction.
• Modularity: Sub-systems can often be modified or replaced
without affecting the entire system, allowing for upgrades and
maintenance.
• Integration: Sub-systems must communicate and integrate
seamlessly to ensure the overall system functions as intended.
• Examples in a Computer System:
• Input Sub-System: Includes devices like keyboards and
mice that allow users to enter data.
• Processing Sub-System: Comprises the CPU and
memory, where data is processed and computations are
performed.
• Output Sub-System: Encompasses devices like monitors
and printers that present the results of processing.
• Storage Sub-System: Involves hard drives and SSDs,
where data is stored for future access.
 Hardware, Software, and Human
Resources
• Content:
– Hardware: Physical components of a computer
(e.g., CPU, memory).
– Software: Programs and applications that run on
hardware.
– Human Resources: Users and IT professionals who
operate and maintain systems.
 Data and Operating Environment

• Content:
– Definition of data and its importance
– Overview of operating environment (hardware
environment, software environment, user
environment)
 Definition of data and its importance

• Data refers to raw facts, figures, or information that can be processed and
analyzed. It can exist in various forms, including numbers, text, images, and
audio. Data is typically unorganized and requires processing to become
meaningful information.
• Importance of Data
• Decision Making:
– Data drives informed decision-making in organizations. Analyzing data allows
businesses to identify trends, assess performance, and make strategic choices.
• Operational Efficiency:
– By examining data, organizations can streamline operations, improve processes,
and reduce costs. Efficient use of data leads to better resource management.
• Customer Insights:
– Data helps organizations understand customer preferences and behaviors. This
knowledge enables the development of targeted marketing strategies and
personalized experiences.
• Innovation and Development:
– Data analysis can reveal gaps in the market or areas for improvement, driving innovation
in products and services.
• Performance Measurement:
– Organizations use data to set benchmarks, monitor performance, and evaluate success.
This aids in accountability and progress tracking.
• Predictive Analysis:
– Historical data can be used to make predictions about future trends and outcomes,
helping businesses anticipate changes in the market.
• Types of Data
• Qualitative Data: Descriptive information (e.g., colors, names).
• Quantitative Data: Numerical information that can be measured (e.g., sales
figures).
• Structured Data: Organized data, typically found in databases (e.g., spreadsheets).
• Unstructured Data: Unorganized data (e.g., social media posts, emails).
• Overview of Operating Environment
• The operating environment of a computer system refers to the combination of
hardware, software, and user interactions that enable the system to function
effectively. Each of these components plays a critical role in the overall performance
and usability of the system.
• 1. Hardware Environment
• Definition: The hardware environment includes all the physical components of a
computer system.
• Key Components:
– Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that processes instructions.
– Memory: RAM (for temporary storage) and ROM (for permanent storage).
– Storage Devices: Hard drives, solid-state drives, and external storage.
– Input Devices: Keyboards, mice, scanners, etc.
– Output Devices: Monitors, printers, speakers, etc.
• Importance: The hardware environment provides the necessary resources for
software to run and for users to interact with the system.
• 2. Software Environment
• Definition: The software environment encompasses all the
programs and applications that run on the hardware.
• Key Components:
– System Software: Includes the operating system (e.g., Windows,
macOS, Linux) that manages hardware and software resources.
– Application Software: Programs designed for end-users (e.g., word
processors, spreadsheets, web browsers).
– Utilities: Tools for maintenance and optimization (e.g., antivirus
software, disk management tools).
• Importance: The software environment enables users to perform
specific tasks, run applications, and manage system resources
effectively.
• 3. User Environment
• Definition: The user environment refers to the individuals who
interact with the computer system and their experiences.
• Key Components:
– User Interface: The means through which users interact with the
system (e.g., graphical user interfaces, command line interfaces).
– User Experience: The overall satisfaction and usability of the system
from the user's perspective.
– User Support: Resources available to help users (e.g., documentation,
customer support).
• Importance: A positive user environment enhances productivity,
encourages user engagement, and minimizes frustration.
 Computer Hardware

• Content:
– Overview of main hardware components:
• CPU
• Memory (RAM, ROM)
• Storage devices (HDD, SSD)
• 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Definition: The CPU, often referred to as the "brain" of the computer,
is responsible for executing instructions and processing data.
• Key Functions:
– Arithmetic and Logic Operations: Performs calculations and logical
operations.
– Control Unit: Directs operations of the computer by coordinating between
various components.
– Clock Speed: Measured in GHz, determines how many cycles per second
the CPU can execute, impacting performance.
• Types:
– Single-Core: One processing unit, suitable for basic tasks.
– Multi-Core: Multiple processing units, enabling better multitasking and
performance for demanding applications.
• 2. Memory
• Types of Memory:
– Random Access Memory (RAM):
• Definition: Temporary memory used to store data and instructions currently in
use by the CPU.
• Characteristics:
– Volatile: Loses its contents when power is turned off.
– Faster than permanent storage, facilitating quick access to data.
– More RAM allows for smoother multitasking and improved performance in applications.
– Read-Only Memory (ROM):
• Definition: Non-volatile memory that stores firmware and essential system
instructions.
• Characteristics:
– Retains data even when the computer is powered off.
– Contains critical boot-up instructions and basic system operations.
– Typically not user-modifiable, ensuring stability and security.
• 3. Storage Devices
• Types of Storage Devices:
– Hard Disk Drive (HDD):
• Definition: A traditional storage device that uses spinning disks to read and write data
magnetically.
• Characteristics:
– Larger storage capacity at a lower cost per GB compared to SSDs.
– Slower read/write speeds, which can affect system performance, especially in boot times and
application loading.
– Common capacities range from hundreds of GB to several TB.
– Solid State Drive (SSD):
• Definition: A newer type of storage device that uses flash memory to store data,
without any moving parts.
• Characteristics:
– Faster read/write speeds, significantly improving boot times and application loading.
– More durable and resistant to physical shock due to the absence of moving parts.
– Higher cost per GB compared to HDDs, though prices have been decreasing.
 System Unit

• Content:
– Explanation of the system unit's role
– Components included (motherboard, power
supply, etc.)
• Diagram: Detailed diagram of a system unit
with labelled parts
Peripheral Devices: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer

• Content:
– Monitor: Types (LCD, LED) and functions.
– Keyboard: Types and layout.
– Mouse: Types (optical, wireless).
– Printer: Types (inkjet, laser) and applications.
• Diagram: Illustrations of each peripheral with
brief descriptions.
 Computer Software

• Content:
– Definition and types of software (system software
vs. application software)
– Importance of software in operating systems.
• Definition of Software
• Software is a collection of programs, data, and
instructions that tell a computer how to perform
specific tasks. It serves as the intermediary between
users and hardware, enabling users to perform a wide
range of activities, from simple calculations to
complex data analysis.
• Types of Software
• Software can be broadly categorized into two main
types: System Software and Application Software.
• 1. System Software
• Definition: System software is designed to manage and control hardware
components and provide a platform for running application software.
• Key Characteristics:
– Acts as a bridge between hardware and user applications.
– Usually comes pre-installed on computers.
– Typically requires minimal user interaction to function effectively.
• Examples:
– Operating Systems (OS):
• Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
• Functions: Manage hardware resources, provide user interface, and execute applications.
– Device Drivers:
• Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardware devices (e.g., printers,
graphics cards).
– Utilities:
• Programs that perform maintenance tasks, such as antivirus software, disk management tools, and
backup solutions.
• 2. Application Software
• Definition: Application software is designed for end-users to perform specific tasks or applications.
It leverages the capabilities of the system software to carry out various functions.
• Key Characteristics:
– Focused on user needs and tasks.
– Often user-friendly, with graphical interfaces.
– Can be installed and uninstalled by the user.
• Examples:
– Productivity Software:
• Examples: Microsoft Word, Excel, Google Docs.
• Functions: Document creation, data analysis, and presentations.
– Web Browsers:
• Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari.
• Functions: Accessing and navigating the internet.
– Media Players:
• Examples: VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player.
• Functions: Playing audio and video files.
– Games:
• Examples: Fortnite, The Sims, Candy Crush.
• Functions: Entertainment and leisure activities.
 Importance of software in operating systems.

• Software is crucial to the functioning of an operating system (OS) in several ways.

Here’s why software plays such a key role:
• 1. User Interaction and Experience
• User Interface (UI): Software like window managers, shells, and graphical user
interfaces allow users to interact with the operating system, manage files, launch
applications, and perform tasks. Without such software, interaction would be limited
to low-level commands.
• Accessibility: Software provides features for various user needs, like voice control,
screen readers, or alternative input methods.
• 2. Application Execution and Management
• Process Management: Operating systems manage running applications, called
processes. They allocate CPU time, memory, and handle multitasking, which is crucial
for applications to run smoothly.
• Resource Allocation: Software within the OS allocates system resources such as
memory, processor cycles, and disk I/O based on needs and priorities, balancing the
requirements of different applications.
• 3. Hardware Control and Abstraction
• Device Drivers: Software drivers act as a bridge between hardware
components and the OS. Without drivers, hardware devices like printers,
keyboards, graphics cards, or storage devices couldn’t be utilized.
• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): This layer of software allows the OS to
communicate with hardware without needing to know the specifics of
each component, increasing compatibility and portability.
• 4. Security and Access Control
• User Authentication and Permissions: OS software manages
authentication, ensuring only authorized users can access certain
resources. This includes login procedures, user roles, and permissions.
• Virus and Threat Management: Operating system software helps detect
and manage security threats, viruses, and malware. It implements firewall
settings, permissions, and security protocols.
• 5. File and Memory Management
• File Systems: The OS software organizes, manages, and keeps track of data
through different file systems (NTFS, ext4, FAT32, etc.). It ensures data
integrity, provides storage allocation, and controls read/write access.
• Memory Management: Software components of an OS dynamically allocate
memory to different processes, freeing and re-allocating it as needed. This
keeps programs running efficiently and prevents memory leaks.
• 6. Networking and Connectivity
• Network Protocols and Stacks: OS software manages network connections,
handles protocols like TCP/IP, and provides networking utilities. This allows
computers to connect to the internet, local area networks, or other devices.
• Remote Access and Management: Software enables remote connections,
VPNs, and administrative control, essential for communication and
management.
• 7. System Services and APIs
• System Libraries and APIs: OS software provides standard libraries
and application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow applications
to communicate with the operating system. This simplifies
development and ensures consistency in application behavior.
• 8. Performance Monitoring and Optimization
• Performance Management Tools: Software within the OS helps
monitor CPU, memory, disk, and network usage, enabling users and
administrators to identify bottlenecks and optimize performance.
• System Diagnostics and Maintenance: Built-in utilities help detect
hardware issues, fragmentation, and software errors. They also
provide automated maintenance tasks like updates and
defragmentation.
 Module 2: Basic Computer Processing

Learning unit
• Software categories,
• digital computers,
• binary numbers
 Objectives

– Understand software categories and their

purposes.
– Learn the basics of digital computers and their
functions.
– Comprehend the binary numbering system and its
role in computing.
 Software Categories

• System Software: Controls and manages

computer hardware. Examples: Operating
Systems, Utility Software.
• Application Software: Helps users perform
specific tasks. Examples: Word processors, web
browsers.
• Development Software: Used by developers to
create new software. Examples: Programming
languages, compilers.
 System Software

• Operating System (OS): The main software that

manages all other applications and system
resources.
• Utility Programs: Help manage, maintain, and
control computer resources. Examples: Antivirus
software, disk management tools.
 Application Software

• Software that allows users to accomplish specific

tasks.
• Categories include productivity (e.g., Microsoft
Office), multimedia (e.g., Photoshop), and
communication (e.g., Skype).
 Development Software

• Programs and tools that help developers write,

test, and debug code.
• Includes Integrated Development Environments
(IDEs), programming languages, and version
control systems (e.g., Git).
 Digital Computers

• A digital computer processes data in binary form.

• Consists of input, processing, output, and storage
units.
• Examples: PCs, smartphones, servers.
 Components of a Digital Computer

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The “brain” of the

computer.
• Memory (RAM): Temporary storage used by the
CPU for quick data access.
• Storage: Long-term storage for data and files (e.g.,
SSD, HDD).
• Input/Output Devices: Tools for interaction (e.g.,
keyboard, mouse, monitor).
 Binary Numbers

• The binary system is a base-2 numeral system,

using only 0s and 1s.
• Essential for digital computing as computers
interpret all data in binary.
• Each binary digit (bit) represents an increasing
power of 2.
 Decimal to Binary Conversion

• Example of converting a decimal number to binary

(e.g., 10 in decimal = 1010 in binary).
• Step-by-step guide:
• Divide the decimal number by 2.
• Record the remainder.
• Continue dividing until the quotient is 0.
 Why Binary?

• Simplicity in hardware design (on/off states).

• Efficient for performing logical operations.
• The foundation of all digital computing processes.
 Review

• Software Categories: System, application, and

development software.
• Digital Computers: Use binary and consist of
essential hardware components.
• Binary System: The foundational numbering
system for computers.
 Module 3: Computer architecture

Learning unit
• Input/ output devices,
• Main and secondary memory,
• Central Processing Unit
 Computer Architecture

• 1. Input/Output (I/O) Devices

• Input Devices: Tools that allow users to send
data to the computer. Examples include:
• Keyboard: For text input.
• Mouse: For pointer and selection tasks.
• Microphone: For audio input.
• Scanner: For digitizing documents.
• Camera: For capturing images or video.
 Output Devices:
• Tools that enable the computer to communicate
data to the user. Examples include:
– Monitor: Displays graphical or textual information.
– Printer: Produces physical copies of documents.
– Speakers: Output sound or audio signals.
– Projector: Enlarges and displays visual output on a
surface.
• I/O Interfaces: Hardware like USB ports, HDMI, and
Bluetooth that facilitate communication between
input/output devices and the computer system.
 2. Memory System

• Memory in a computer system is divided into two main

categories: main memory and secondary memory.
• Main Memory (Primary Memory):
– Definition: Directly accessed by the CPU for data processing.
– Examples:
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for
temporary storage of data and instructions.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory storing
firmware and essential startup instructions.
– Characteristics: Fast, limited in capacity, and volatile (except
for ROM).
 Secondary Memory:

• Definition: Used for long-term data storage.

• Examples:
– HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Magnetic storage medium for
bulk data.
– SSD (Solid-State Drive): Faster, flash-based storage
device.
– Optical Drives: CDs, DVDs for removable storage.
– USB Drives/External Drives: Portable storage devices.
• Characteristics: Non-volatile, larger in capacity, and
slower than main memory
 3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Definition: The "brain" of the computer that performs

computations and controls the execution of instructions.
• Components:
– Control Unit (CU): Directs the flow of data between memory, I/O
devices, and the CPU.
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical
operations.
– Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU for immediate
access to data.
– Cache: High-speed memory closer to the CPU, stores frequently
accessed data.
– Clock: Determines the speed of instruction execution (measured in
GHz).
Functionality:
• Fetch: Retrieves instructions from memory.
• Decode: Interprets the instructions.
• Execute: Performs the instruction.
• Store: Saves the result back to memory or registers.
• Types of CPUs:
• Single-Core
• Multi-Core (Dual, Quad, Octa-Core, etc.)
• Specialized Processors (e.g., GPUs for graphics
processing, TPUs for AI tasks).
 Module 4: Introduction to operating systems

Learning unit
• Windows Professional/xp/vista,
• Windows NT4.0,
• Linux/Unix
 Introduction to Operating Systems

What is an Operating System?

• An interface between hardware and users.
• Manages hardware resources and software
applications.
• Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix, macOS.
 Windows Professional/XP/Vista

1. Windows Professional
• Designed for business environments.
• User-friendly interface with advanced networking features.
2. Windows XP
• Released in 2001, combining stability and usability.
• Key features: improved user interface, better security.
3. Windows Vista
• Released in 2006 with enhanced visuals (Aero interface).
• Features: User Account Control (UAC), Windows Defender.
 Windows NT 4.0

• Released in 1996 as a business-oriented OS.

• Key Features:
– Kernel-based architecture: Enhanced stability.
– Graphical User Interface similar to Windows 95.
– Advanced networking capabilities.
• Usage: Servers, workstations, enterprise
environments.
 Introduction to Linux/Unix

• Linux: Open-source OS developed by Linus

Torvalds (1991).
– Free to use and highly customizable.
– Popular distributions: Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat.
• Unix: Proprietary OS developed in the 1970s
at Bell Labs.
– Known for multitasking, multiuser capabilities.
 Key Features of Linux/Unix

• Security: Superior access control and

permissions.
• Stability and Reliability: Rarely crashes.
• Portability: Runs on a variety of hardware.
• Command Line Interface (CLI): Powerful
control over the system.
Comparison: Windows vs. Linux/Unix
 Module 5: The Internet and the World Wide Web

Learning unit
• Internet;
• World Wide Web;
• browsers: Netscape and Internet Explorer;
internet addresses; use of search engines;
• Use of the internet for on-line purchasing, on-
line courses, research; sending, receiving and
managing electronic mail.
 Introduction to the Internet

• Definition: A global network connecting

millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks.
• Origin: Developed from ARPANET (1960s).
• Key Services: Email, web browsing, file
sharing, streaming.
 The World Wide Web

• Invented by: Tim Berners-Lee (1989).

• Components:
– Web pages: Documents accessed via browsers.
– Web servers: Host websites.
– URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): Web
addresses.
• Hyperlinks connect related web pages.
 Web Browsers

1. Netscape Navigator
• One of the first widely used web browsers
(1994).
• Features: User-friendly interface, early
JavaScript support.
2. Internet Explorer
• Developed by Microsoft (1995).
• Integrated with Windows, dominant in early
2000s.
 Internet Addresses

• IP Address: Numerical label identifying a

device on a network.
• Domain Names: Human-readable addresses
(e.g., www.example.com).
• DNS (Domain Name System): Translates
domain names to IP addresses.
 Search Engines

• Purpose: Tools to find information on the web.

• Examples: Google, Bing, Yahoo.
• Key Features:
– Keyword-based search.
– Advanced filters and options for refined results.
 Online Activities

• Online Purchasing:
– E-commerce platforms (Amazon, eBay).
– Importance of secure payment systems.
• Online Courses:
– Learning platforms (Coursera, Khan Academy).
– Accessibility to global education.
• Research:
– Academic databases and journals.
– Tools: Google Scholar, ResearchGate.
 Electronic Mail (Email)

• Sending and Receiving Emails:

– Popular email services: Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo
Mail.
• Managing Emails:
– Inbox organization with folders and labels.
– Spam filters and email security practices.
 Module 6: Word Processing
Learning unit
• Producing documents with formats and styles,
use of mail merge to create letters,
manipulating text and graphics and
documents create templates and forms to use,
import / export other documents into MS
Word.