KALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

HYDRO-POWER SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY

NAME- HEMANTA DAS

SUBJECT – POWER SYSTEM
SUBJECT CODE- PC EE 502
ROLL- 10201622033
YEAR – 3RD 5TH SEM
 Hydro Power
Plants
“Unlocking the Potential of Hydropower: Harnessing the Energy of Moving
Water to
Generate Electricity, Irrigate Crops, and Power Progress for a Sustainable
Future.”
 Introduction to Hydro Power
Hydro power harnesses the energy of moving water to generate electricity, offering a
reliable and renewable source of energy. As the world’s largest source of renewable
electricity, hydro power plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigating climate change, supporting a sustainable energy future.

Fig. 1 : Overview of Hydro Power Plant

 History of Hydro Power
• 1882: First hydroelectric power plant in Appleton, Wisconsin, USA
• 1895: Niagara Falls hydroelectric project begins
• 1930s: Large-scale hydroelectric dams built in USA and USSR
• 1950s: Hydro power expands globally, particularly in Europe and Asia
• 2000s: Modernization and efficiency improvements in hydroelectric technology

Fig. 2 : First Water Turbine

 Types of Hydro Power
Plants
Hydro power plants come in three main types: Impoundment (traditional dams storing
water), Diversion (canal-based, redirecting water), and Pumped Storage (storing excess
energy by pumping water to higher reservoirs). Additionally, there are Run-of-River, Tidal,
and Wave energy systems, each harnessing moving water in unique ways to generate
electricity.

Fig. 3 : Different Types of Plant

 Components of a Hydro Power
Plant
A hydroelectric power plant consists of :
• Dam: Blocks the river, creating a reservoir
• Reservoir: Stores water
• Penstock: Channels water to turbines
•Turbines: Convert water energy to mechanical
energy
• Generator: Converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy
Fig. 4 : Overview of Plant
• Transformer: Increases voltage for
transmission
 How Hydro Power Works

Here’s a step-by-step explanation of the hydro power

plant process:
1. Water from the reservoir flows through the penstock.
2. The water drives the turbines, causing them to spin.
3. The spinning turbines are connected to a generator.
4. The generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical
energy.
5. The electrical energy is sent to a transformer.
6. The transformer increases the voltage for transmission.
Fig. 5 : Block Diagram
7. The high-voltage electricity is transmitted to the power grid.
8. Electricity is distributed to homes, businesses, and industries.
 Energy Conversion
Efficiency
Hydro power plants have high efficiency rates, typically ranging from 90% to 95%. This is due
to the high energy conversion rate of water flowing through turbines, minimal energy loss
during transmission, and low thermal losses. Additionally, hydroelectric power plants can
operate at maximum capacity for extended periods, making them a reliable and efficient
source of renewable energy.

Fig. 6 : Comparison between different Power Plant

 Environmental Impact

Positive impacts :
• Renewable energy source
• Low greenhouse gas emissions
• Relatively low operating costs
• Can help regulate water flow and prevent flooding

Negative impacts:
• Alters natural water flow and habitats
• Displaces communities and wildlife
Fig. 7 : Water Reservoir
• Affects water quality and aquatic life
• High upfront construction costs and visual impact
 Three dam of China
gorges Type: Concrete gravity dam(Largest dam in
the world)
Length: 2,335 meters (7,660 feet)
Height: 185 meters (607 feet) Reservoir: The
Three Gorges Reservoir, which
stretches about 600 kilometers (370 miles)
upstream
Fig. 8 : Gorges Dam
Installed Capacity: 22,500 megawatts
(MW) Number of Turbines: 32 main
1. Economic benefits turbines, each with a capacity of 700 MW,
2. Flood control and 2 smaller generators, each with a
3. Power generation capacity of 50 MW Annual Generation:
4. Navigaton Approximately 88.2 terawatt-hours (TWh)
improvement
 Hoover
Dam
• Location and Dimensions:
• Tallest dam in the world.
• The Hoover Dam is located in the Black
Canyon of the Colorado River.
• It is 726 feet tall (221 meters), making
it one of the tallest dams in the world.
• The dam is 1,244 feet long (379
meters) and
Fig. 9 : Hoover Dam
660 feet
Power Generation:
• The dam's power plant contains 17 main turbines and has • thickcapacity
a total at its base (2002,080
of around meters).
megawatts.
• It provides electricity to Nevada, Arizona, and California, powering over a million homes.
Design and Architecture:
• The Hoover Dam's design is a blend of Art Deco and streamlined modernist architecture.
• The structure features elegant statues and decorative motifs, emphasizing both functionality
and aesthetics.
Advantages of Hydro Power Plant
 Disdvantages of
Hydropowerplant
1. ENVIRONMENT CONSEQUENCES
2. REQUIRE LARGE SPACE
3. HIGH INITIAL COST
4. RISK OF DROUGHT
5. COMPLICATION IN TRANSMISSION
6. DEPEND ON WEATHER
7. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS
8. LIMITED RESERVOIR
9. REQUIRE HIGH QUALITY
MATERIALS
 ECONOMIC
IMPACT
Hydropower plays a crucial role in the economic development of many regions
by providing a reliable, cost-effective, and renewable source of energy. While it
brings numerous economic benefits, it also necessitates careful management of
its environmental and social impacts. Balancing these factors is essential for
maximizing the positive economic impact of hydropower.

Fig. 10 : Comparison Statistics of Different Plants

 HYDRO POWER IN THE WORLD
Hydropower remains a cornerstone of global renewable energy strategies, contributing to
energy security, economic development, and climate change mitigation. However, careful
management of its environmental and social impacts is essential to ensure
sustainable development.

Fig. 11 : Growth of Hydro Power Plant

 FUTURE OF HYDRO POWER
• Ecosystem Restoration: Future hydropower projects will increasingly focus on minimizing
environmental impacts and restoring ecosystems affected by dam construction. Techniques such
as fish ladders and bypass systems will be used to maintain biodiversity.
• Run-of-River Projects: These projects, which have a lower environmental impact compared to
traditional dams, will become more popular. They generate power without significant water
storage, reducing the impact on river ecosystems.
• Sustainable Practices: Implementing best practices for sustainable hydropower, including careful
site selection, environmental impact assessments, and community engagement, will be essential.

Fig. 13 : Sustainable Development in the World

 SMALL SCALE HYDRO POWER GENERATORS
Small-scale hydropower generators offer a sustainable and efficient way to harness
energy from water sources, especially in remote or rural areas where grid electricity
may not be available. These systems can vary widely in size, technology, and
application, but they share the common advantage of being less intrusive and more
environmentally friendly than large-scale hydro projects.

Fig. 14 : Simplified View of Power Plant

 Pumped Storage Hydro Power
Pumped storage hydroelectricity stores excess energy by pumping water to higher
reservoirs during off-peak hours, releasing it to generate electricity during peak
demand. Benefits include: improved grid stability, increased renewable energy
integration, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced energy efficiency,
making it a vital component of sustainable energy systems.

Fig. 15 : Pumped Storage System

 Types of turbines used in Hydro Power
Plants
Hydro power plants use three main types of turbines :

• Pelton: Suitable for high-head (vertical distance) applications, uses jets of water to drive the
turbine.
• Francis: Used for medium-head applications, a mix of impulse and reaction turbine.
• Kaplan: Suitable for low-head applications, a propeller-like turbine with adjustable blades.

Each turbine type optimizes energy production for specific water flow and pressure
conditions.
 Reservoir Management
Effective reservoir management involves:
• Optimizing water levels for power generation and
control flood
• Managing sedimentation and water quality
• Implementing predictive analytics for inflow forecasting
• Coordinating with downstream users environmental
and
needs
• Ensuring dam safety and maintenance Fig. 16 : Reservoir Management
• Adopting adaptive management for climate
change resilience

Balancing these factors ensures reliable power generation, environmental sustainability, and
community benefits.
 Hydro Power and Climate Change
Hydro power plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change
by:
• Generating renewable, low-carbon electricity
• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels
• Supporting grid integration of intermittent renewables
• Providing flood control and drought management
• Offering carbon sequestration through reservoirs
• Enhancing energy security and
Fig. 17 : Carbon Emission Statistics
sustainability

Hydro power helps reduce global carbon footprint, supporting a transition to a low-carbon economy
and mitigating climate change impacts.
 Challenges in Hydro Power
 Development
Technical, Financial, and Social Challenges in developing Hydro Power:-

1.Technical Challenges: Hydropower projects require significant engineering expertise and advanced technology.
Challenges include ensuring dam safety, managing water resources, and addressing environmental impacts such as fish
migration and sedimentation.
2.Financial Challenges: The upfront capital costs for hydropower projects are high, involving expenses for feasibility
studies, construction, and regulatory compliance. Securing funding can be difficult, particularly for large-scale projects,
and there are financial risks associated with long payback periods.
3. Social Challenges: Hydropower development can lead to the displacement of communities and affect local livelihoods,
particularly in areas where agriculture and fishing are prominent.

Fig. 18 : Challenges in Hydro Power

 Policy and Regulation
 Overview of policies and regulations affecting hydro power:-
Policies and regulations affecting hydropower development aim to balance energy production with
environmental and social considerations. Key areas include environmental regulations, which protect
ecosystems and require impact assessments; energy policies that promote renewable energy through
incentives
 Environmental Regulations:- These policies often focus on protecting ecosystems and biodiversity.
Regulations may require environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to evaluate potential effects on
water quality, fish migration, and habitat.
 Energy and Renewable Policies:- Many governments promote hydropower through renewable
energy policies that include incentives like feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and subsidies.
 Hydro Power and Ecosystems
 Impact of Hydro Power on Aquatic Ecosystems:-
Hydropower, a renewable energy source, significantly impacts aquatic ecosystems. While it provides
clean energy, the construction and operation of dams and reservoirs can disrupt natural river flows,
which affects water temperature, sediment transport, and nutrient distribution. These changes can alter
habitats, affecting fish populations and other aquatic organisms. Migration routes of fish species, such as
salmon, can be blocked by dams, impacting their life cycles.

Fig. 19 : Gorges Dam

 Community
Involvement
 Importance of involving local communities in hydro power projects:-
Involving local communities in hydro power projects is essential for ensuring sustainable development,
gaining social acceptance, and leveraging local knowledge. It helps build trust, reduces conflicts, and allows
for better environmental stewardship.
• Involving local communities in hydro power projects is crucial for several reasons:
1. Sustainable Development:- Engaging local communities ensures that the projects align with their
social, economic, and environmental needs. This promotes sustainable development, as the projects
are more likely to address local concerns and contribute to overall community well-being.
2. Social Acceptance and Cooperation:- Involving communities from the outset helps build trust and
acceptance, reducing resistance and conflicts. This cooperation is essential for the smooth execution
and long-term success of the projects.
 Technological
Innovations
Recent advancements in hydro power include :
• Pumped storage hydroelectricity with improved efficiency
• Tidal and wave energy conversion technologies
• Innovative turbine designs for increased efficiency
• Advanced materials for reduced maintenance
• Digitalization and IoT for optimized operations
• Floating solar panels on reservoirs for hybrid power generation
Fig. 20 : Control Room
• Enhanced environmental monitoring and fish-friendly turbines

These advancements enhance hydro power’s efficiency, sustainability, and reliability, supporting its continued role in
the global energy mix.
 Case Study : Itaipu Dam
Itaipu Dam, located on the Brazil-Paraguay border, is the world’s second-largest
hydroelectric dam by generating capacity. Spanning 7,919 meters, it harnesses the
Paraná River’s energy, producing 103.1 TWh annually. Completed in 1984, it’s a bi-
national project, with 14 turbines and a reservoir covering 1,350 square kilometers.

Fig. 21 : Itaipu Dam

 Sustainability of Hydro Power
Hydro power’s sustainability practices include:
• Environmental impact assessments and mitigation measures
• Fish passage systems and habitat restoration
• Water quality monitoring and management
• Community engagement and benefit sharing
• Renewable energy certificates and carbon offsetting
• Dam safety and maintenance protocols Fig. 22 : Hydro Source Graph

• Adaptive management for climate resilience

These practices minimize hydro power’s ecological footprint, ensuring a balanced approach to energy generation
and environmental stewardship.
 Integration with Other Renewables
Hydro power can be integrated with other
renewables through:
• Hybrid power plants combining hydro, solar, and wind
• Pumped hydro storage for solar and wind energy
optimization
• Hydro-solar-wind power grids for enhanced reliability
• Co-located hydro and geothermal power generation
• Tidal and wave energy integration with hydroelectricity
• Smart grids and energy storage for seamless
integration
F
i
g
.

2
Pumped Hydro Storage Renewable Energy Integration & Long-Duration
(PHS)
Hydroelectric power's Energy Storage:
primary role Hydroelectric power helps stabilize the
in energy
storage, accounting for 90% grid by balancing out intermittent solar
of global energy storage and wind energy sources.
capacity

Role of hydro
electric power
in energy
storage solution

Carbon Emissions Reduction &

Reliability and Efficiency:
Hydroelectric power's energy storage
capabilities support a low-carbon energy
transition & it hydroelectric power's high
capacity factor and long lifespan make it
a
reliable and efficient energy storage
 Hydro-electric Power
Future Advancement Advancements

1. Advanced Turbine Designs

1. Efficiency: Turbine efficiency
2. Pumped Hydro Storage has increased by 10-15% over
Development Aim
(PHS) Advancements the past few decades,
3. Run-of-River Hydro leading to more energy
4. Tidal and Wave Energy 1.Increase efficiency generation from the same
5. Offshore Hydroelectric 2.capacity- Reduce costs water flow.
Power 3. environmental impact 2. Capacity: Global
4.Enhance flexibility and grid hydroelectric installed
capacity has increased by 50%
stability
over the past 20 years,
5. Support a low-carbon reaching over 1,200 GW.
energy transition
 Conclusion on Hydroelectric Power:
Hydroelectric power is a reliable, renewable, and
sustainable source of energy that has been
harnessed for over a century. With its high energy
conversion efficiency, low operating costs, and
ability to provide energy storage, hydroelectric
power plays a vital role in the global energy mix.
While it has its challenges, such as dependence on
water resources and high upfront costs,
advancements in technology and innovative
solutions are addressing these issues.
 Reference

 https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

 "2020 Hydropower Status Report" - An annual report providing an overview of the hydroelectric power sector,
including trends, statistics, and project highlights

 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/project-report-hydraulic-power-plant/154085953

 https://www.iitr.ac.in/wfw/web_ua_water_for_welfare/education/Teachers_Manual/Teachers_manual_diplo
ma_hydropower_engineering.pdf