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Readings in Philippine History: John Lee P. Candelaria Veronica C. Alphora

The document provides an introduction to the study of history, emphasizing its definition, methodology, and significance in understanding the past. It discusses historiography, the role of historians, and the importance of primary and secondary sources in historical research. Additionally, it highlights the evolution of Philippine historiography and the challenges faced in writing history, including the influence of victors and the need for critical analysis of historical narratives.

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26 views22 pages

Readings in Philippine History: John Lee P. Candelaria Veronica C. Alphora

The document provides an introduction to the study of history, emphasizing its definition, methodology, and significance in understanding the past. It discusses historiography, the role of historians, and the importance of primary and secondary sources in historical research. Additionally, it highlights the evolution of Philippine historiography and the challenges faced in writing history, including the influence of victors and the need for critical analysis of historical narratives.

Uploaded by

lunakia08
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
John Lee p. Candelaria
Veronica C. Alphora
CHAPTER I
Introduction to History:
Definition, Issues, Sources,
And Methodology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline
and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and
methodology of the discipline.
• To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy
in assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives.
• To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences
and sources.
• To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national
life of the Philippines.
DEFINITION AND SUBJECT MATTER
- History has always been known as the study of the past.

- History was derived from the Greek word historia, which means
“knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”.

- The term was then adapted to classical Latin where it acquired a


new definition.
- Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a
group of people through written documents and historical evidences.
What counts as history?

Traditional historians lived with the


mantra of “no document, no
history.”
QUESTIONS AND ISSUES IN HISTORY

What is history?

Why study history?

And history for whom?


HISTORIOGRAPHY
- is the history of history
(how was a certain historical text written? Who wrote it?
What was the context in publication? What particular historical
method was employed? What were the sources used?)

- is important for someone who studies history because it


teaches the student to be critical in the lessons of history
presented to him.
HISTORY has played various
roles in the past.
States use history to unite a nation.
It can be used as a tool to legitimize regimes and
forge a sense of collective identity through collective
memory.
Lessons from the past can be used to make sense of
the present.
Learning of past mistakes can help people to not
repeat them.
Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to
keep their good practices to move forward.
One of the problems confronted by
history is the accusation that the
history is always written by victors.
POSITIVISM
- is the school of thought that emerged
between the eighteenth and nineteenth
century. This thought requires empirical and
observable evidence before one can claim that
a particular knowledge is true.
POSTCOLONIALISM
- is a school of thought that emerged in
the early twentieth century when formerly
colonized nations grappled with the idea of
creating their identities and understanding
their societies against the shadows of their
colonial past.
HISTORY AND HISTORIAN
If history is written with agenda or is
heavily influenced by the historian, is it
possible to come up with an absolute
historical truth? Is history an objective
discipline? If it is not, is it still worthwhile
to study history?
It is the historian’s job not just to seek historical
evidences and facts but also to interpret these facts.

“FACTS CANNOT SPEAK FOR


THEMSELVES”

It is the job of the historian to give meaning to these


facts and organize them into a timeline, establish
causes, and write history.
Historical research requires rigor.
Despite the fact that historians cannot
ascertain absolute objectivity, the study of
history remains scientific because of the
rigor of research and methodology that
historians employ.
HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
- comprises certain techniques and rules that historians
follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history.

- historical claims done by historians and the arguments


that they forward in their historical writings, while may be
influenced by the historian’s inclinations, can still be validated
by using reliable evidences and employing correct and
meticulous historical methodology.
THE ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY

- is a school of history born in France that


challenged the canons of history. This school of
thought did away with the common historical subjects
that were almost always related to the conduct of
states and monarchs. Annales scholars like Lucien
Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel, and Jacques Le
Goff studied other subjects in an historical manner.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES
sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied for.
archival documents
artifacts
memorabilia
letters, census
government records

SECONDARY SOURCES
 sources which were produced by an author who used primary sources to produce
material.
are historical sources, which studied a certain historical subject.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining the its physical characteristics;
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time
when it was produced; and the materials used for the
evidence.

INTERNAL CRITICISM
- is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence.
It looks at the content of the source and examines the
circumstance of its production.
The task of the historian is to look
at the available historical sources and
select the most relevant and
meaningful for history and for the
subject matter that he is studying.
PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
- underwent several changes since the precolonial period
until the present. Ancient Filipinos narrated their history through
communal songs and epics that they passed orally from a
generation to another. When the Spaniards came, their
chroniclers started recording their observations through written
accounts.
END
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING

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