Unit 4
Working with Videos and Animations
Digital Video & Broadcast Video
Standards
1. Digital Video
• Definition: Digital video is a sequence of images (frames) encoded as digital
data. It consists of video frames, audio, and metadata, stored in various
formats such as MP4, AVI, and MKV.
• Key Features:
• Frame Rate (fps): Common rates include 24fps, 30fps, 60fps.
• Resolution: SD (480p), HD (720p, 1080p), 4K, 8K.
• Compression: Uses codecs like H.264, H.265 (HEVC), VP9 for efficient storage.
• Bitrate: Affects quality and file size, measured in Mbps (megabits per
second).
2. Broadcast Video Standards
Broadcast video standards define how video is transmitted and displayed in different regions.
Major Standards:
Standard Region(s) Frame Rate (fps) Resolution Color Encoding
North America,
NTSC 29.97 720 × 480 (SD) YUV
Japan
Europe, Australia,
PAL 25 720 × 576 (SD) YUV
Asia
France, Russia,
SECAM 25 720 × 576 (SD) YDbDr
Africa
USA, Canada,
ATSC 24, 30, 60 720p, 1080i, 1080p MPEG-2, H.264
Mexico
Europe, India,
DVB 25, 50 SD, HD, 4K MPEG-2, H.264
Australia
ISDB Japan, Brazil 24, 30, 60 SD, HD, 4K MPEG-2, H.264
DTMB China 25, 50 SD, HD, 4K MPEG-2, AVS+
Key Differences:
•NTSC vs. PAL: NTSC has a higher frame rate (29.97 fps),
while PAL offers higher resolution (576 lines vs. 480 lines).
•SECAM vs. PAL: SECAM transmits color differently but
has the same resolution and frame rate as PAL.
Video File Formats: MPEG-7, AVI, MP4, WMV
1. MPEG-7 (Multimedia Content Description Interface)
•Type: Metadata standard (not a video format)
•Purpose: Describes video, audio, and multimedia content for
search and indexing
•Features:
• Stores information about video structure, scenes, motion,
and color
• Helps in video retrieval and content-based searching
•Use Case:
• Video databases, digital libraries, AI-based video search
engines
2. AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
•Type: Container format developed by Microsoft
•Compression: Supports multiple codecs (DivX, Xvid,
MJPEG)
•Features:
• Can store both uncompressed and compressed video
• Larger file size due to lower compression efficiency
•Use Case:
• Video editing, archiving, and playback on Windows-
based systems
3. MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14)
•Type: Universal container format
•Compression: Supports H.264, H.265 (HEVC), MPEG-4
•Features:
• High compression efficiency with minimal quality loss
• Compatible with almost all devices and platforms
•Use Case:
• Streaming, mobile playback, YouTube, and digital video
distribution
4. WMV (Windows Media Video)
•Type: Microsoft’s proprietary video format
•Compression: Uses WMV codecs for high compression
•Features:
• Optimized for Windows-based playback
• Smaller file size with good quality
•Use Case:
• Online video streaming, Windows-based media
applications
Comparison Table
Format Developer Compression File Size Compatibility Best Use Case
Metadata, no Content
Used with video
MPEG-7 ISO video N/A indexing, AI-
databases
compression based search
Varies
Windows, some Video editing,
AVI Microsoft (Uncompressed, Large
media players archiving
DivX, Xvid)
Streaming,
H.264, H.265 Small to
MP4 ISO Universal mobile, online
(HEVC), MPEG-4 Medium
video
Windows media
Windows, some
WMV Microsoft WMV codecs Small playback,
web platforms
streaming
Video Streaming: A Comprehensive
Overview
• 1. Introduction to Video Streaming
• Video streaming is the process of delivering video content over the
internet in real time without requiring users to download the entire
file before playback. It enables instant access to media, making it a key
technology for platforms like YouTube, Netflix, and Twitch.
• Types of Streaming:
• Live Streaming – Real-time broadcasting (e.g., sports, events, gaming
streams).
• On-Demand Streaming – Pre-recorded content available anytime (e.g.,
Netflix, Hulu).
Difference Between Streaming and
Downloading
Feature Streaming Downloading
Playback Start Instant After full file is downloaded
Storage Required Minimal (only buffer space) Full file stored locally
Internet Connection Required throughout playback Needed only for download
Use Case Netflix, YouTube, Spotify Watching offline, file storage
How Video Streaming Works
1.Compression & Encoding – Video is compressed (e.g.,
H.264, H.265) to reduce size.
2.Segmenting – The video is broken into small data chunks.
3.Transmission – Data packets are sent over the internet.
4.Buffering – A small portion of the video is preloaded before
playback starts.
5.Decoding & Playback – The player decodes and displays the
video in real time.
What is Buffering?
•Buffering occurs when a video player preloads
a portion of data to ensure smooth playback.
•Causes of Buffering:
•Slow internet speed
•High video resolution requiring more
bandwidth
•Network congestion
Factors Affecting Streaming
Quality
•Internet Speed – Higher speeds enable smoother streaming
(e.g., 4K requires ~25 Mbps).
•Video Resolution & Bitrate – Higher quality requires more data
(e.g., 1080p vs. 480p).
•Latency & Ping – Affects real-time streaming and
responsiveness.
•Compression & Encoding – Efficient codecs (e.g., H.265)
reduce file size without losing quality.
•Server Load – Congested servers slow down streaming
performance.
•Device Performance – Older devices may struggle with high-
resolution videos.
Types of Animation
Animation is the process of creating the illusion of
movement by displaying a sequence of images or
frames. There are different types of animation based on
techniques and applications.
1. Object Animation
• Object animation involves animating physical or digital
objects without changing their shape.
• (a) Rolling Ball Animation
• Simulates the movement of a ball rolling on a surface.
• Uses physics properties like friction, acceleration, and
deceleration.
• Common in physics simulations and game development.
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(b) Bouncing Ball Animation
•Depicts a ball bouncing off the ground with gravity
and elasticity effects.
•Fundamental exercise in animation to understand
timing, squash & stretch.
•Used in 2D and 3D animation projects.
2. Process Animation
•Illustrates step-by-step operations or
workflows.
•Common in educational videos, industrial
simulations, and medical animations.
•Example: Animation showing how a car
engine works or a chemical reaction occurs.
3. 2D Animation
• Creates movement in a two-dimensional space.
• Uses traditional frame-by-frame drawing or digital tools
like Adobe Animate, Toon Boom.
• Example: Classic cartoons (Tom & Jerry, Disney movies
before 2000).
4. 3D Animation
•Involves three-dimensional objects moving in a
virtual space.
•Requires modeling, rigging, texturing, lighting,
and rendering.
•Used in movies (Pixar, DreamWorks), video
games, and architectural visualization.
•Software: Maya, Blender, Cinema 4D.
5. Motion Capture (MoCap)
•Captures real human movements and applies
them to digital characters.
•Used in movies (Avatar, Marvel films), video
games (FIFA, Call of Duty).
•Requires special suits and sensors to track
movement.
6. Motion Graphics
•Focuses on animating text, shapes, and
graphics.
•Common in advertising, UI/UX design, title
sequences, and explainer videos.
•Software: After Effects, Cinema 4D.
•Example: YouTube intros, news graphics,
animated infographics.
7. Morphing Animation
•A smooth transition from one shape or
image to another.
•Used in VFX, film editing, and digital arts.
•Example: A human face gradually
transforming into an animal.
