Scribd
Upload
8 views41 pages

Equalization Notes

The document discusses adaptive equalizers in communication systems, focusing on their mathematical representation and the LMS algorithm for minimizing mean square error. It differentiates between linear and nonlinear equalizers, explaining their respective mechanisms and applications, particularly in handling intersymbol interference (ISI). Additionally, it introduces the zero-forcing equalizer as a linear equalization method that aims to eliminate ISI by applying the inverse of the channel frequency response.

Uploaded by

200762
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views41 pages

Equalization Notes

The document discusses adaptive equalizers in communication systems, focusing on their mathematical representation and the LMS algorithm for minimizing mean square error. It differentiates between linear and nonlinear equalizers, explaining their respective mechanisms and applications, particularly in handling intersymbol interference (ISI). Additionally, it introduces the zero-forcing equalizer as a linear equalization method that aims to eliminate ISI by applying the inverse of the channel frequency response.

Uploaded by

200762
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

• Define the input signal to the equalizer as a vector

• The output of the adaptive equalizer is a scalar given by,


• In vector notation;

• The error signal ek is given by:


• Taking the expected value of error over k:

• The cross correlation vector p between the desired response and input
signal is defined as:
• Input correlation matrix/ input covariance matrix R:

• The major diagonal of R contains the mean square values of each input
sample, and the cross terms specify the autocorrelation terms resulting
from delayed samples of the input signal.
By minimizing the above term, it becomes possible to adaptively tune the equalizer to provide a flat spectral response ,
minimal ISI in the received signal.
Equalizers in Communication
Receiver
• Because adaptive equalizers are implemented using digital logic, it is
most convenient to represent all time signals in discrete form. Let T
represent some increment of time between successive observations
of signal states

, better equalizers provide smaller values of


LMS Algorithm

The LMS algorithm seeks to minimize the mean square error given in the equation.
LMS Algorithm
• In general The normal equation is given by:

• To obtain the optimal tap gain vector


• LMS algorithm is the simplest algorithm and requires only 2N+1 operations
per iteration.

• The filter weights are updated by the update equations given below. Let
the variable n denote the sequence of iterations . LMS is computed
iteratively by:

N denotes the number of delay stages in the equalizer


The convergence rate of LMS algorithm is slow due to fact that there is only one parameter the
step size that controls the adaptation rate.

The step size value is chosen such that:


The step size can be controlled by the total input power on order to avoid instability in
the equalizer.
Linear Equalizer
• Equalization techniques can be subdivided into two general categories
— linear and nonlinear equalization.
• These categories are determined from how the output of the
equalizer is used for subsequent control (feedback) of the equalizer.
• If d(t) is not used in the feedback path to adapt the equalizer, the
equalization is linear.
• If d(t) is fed back to change the subsequent outputs of equalizer, the
equalizer is non linear.
• Linear transversal equalizer is the simplest type available.

• The current and past values of received signal are linearly weighted by the
filter coefficient and summed to produce output.

• The implementation is carried in digital domain where samples of received


signal are stored in a shift register.

• The output of this transversal filter before decision making is:


The minimum mean square error the equalizer can achieve is:
Non Linear Equalizer
• Used where channel distortion is too severe for a linear equalizer to
handle .
• Linear equalizers do not perform well on channels which have deep
spectral nulls in the passband.

• In decision feedback equalization once an information symbol has


been detected and decided upon, ISI that it induces on the future
symbols can be estimated and subtracted out before detection of
subsequent symbols.
• It consists of feed forward filter (FFF) and feedback filter (FBF) .

• The FBF is driven by decision on output of detector and its coefficients can
be adjusted to cancel the ISI on the current symbol from past detected
symbols. The minimum mean square error a non linear equalizer can
achieve is much smaller than a linear equalizer.

• The equalizer has N1+N2+1 taps in the feed forward filter and N3 taps in
the feedback filter and its output can be expressed as:

+1
Zero Forcing Equalizer (Linear Type)
• The zero-forcing equalizer is a form of linear equalization algorithm used in
communication systems.

• The zero-forcing equalizer applies the inverse of the channel frequency


response to the received signal, to restore the signal after the channel.

• The name zero-forcing corresponds to bringing down the intersymbol


interference (ISI) to zero in a noise-free case. This will be useful when
ISI is significant compared to noise.
• For a channel with frequency response Hch(f), the zero forcing equalizer
Heq(f) is constructed by :
• Heq(f)=1/Hch(f)
• Thus the combination of channel and equalizer gives a flat frequency
response and linear phase

You might also like