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Lecture 11 Wireless Channel and Delay Spread

The document discusses key concepts in wireless and mobile communication, focusing on multipath propagation, delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. It explains how delay spread measures the time dispersion of signals in mobile channels and the significance of coherence bandwidth in determining the fading characteristics of a channel. Additionally, it covers parameters like Doppler spread and coherence time, which describe the time-varying nature of the communication channel.

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27 views22 pages

Lecture 11 Wireless Channel and Delay Spread

The document discusses key concepts in wireless and mobile communication, focusing on multipath propagation, delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. It explains how delay spread measures the time dispersion of signals in mobile channels and the significance of coherence bandwidth in determining the fading characteristics of a channel. Additionally, it covers parameters like Doppler spread and coherence time, which describe the time-varying nature of the communication channel.

Uploaded by

Chahat Pal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INSTITUTE- UIE

DEPARTMENT- ECE
Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Communication
Engineering)
Wireless and Mobile Communication
(23ECH608)
Prepared By: Dr. Vivek Arya

Unit-I
Wireless Channel & DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
Delay Spread 1
Multipath Propagation
Multipath propagation, an inherent feature of a mobile
communications channel, results in a received signal that is
dispersed in time. Each path has its own delay and the time
dispersion leads to a form of intersymbol interference.
Delay Spread
• Delay spread is a measure of the multipath profile of a mobile
communications channel.
• It is generally defined as the difference between the time of arrival of the
earliest component (e.g., the line-of-sight wave if there exists) and the
time of arrival of the latest multipath component.
• Delay spread is a random variable, and the standard deviation is a
common metric to measure it. This measure is widely known as the root-
mean-square delay spread στ.
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels

• Time Dispersion Parameters


• Grossly quantifies the multipath channel
• Determined from Power Delay Profile
• Parameters include
• Mean Access Delay
• RMS Delay Spread
• Excess Delay Spread (X dB)

• Coherence Bandwidth
• Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
Measuring PDPs
• Power Delay Profiles
• Are measured by channel sounding techniques
• Plots of relative received power as a function of excess delay
• They are found by averaging instantaneous power delay measurements over a
local area
• Local area: no greater than 6m outdoor
• Local area: no greater than 2m indoor
• Samples taken at λ/4 meters approximately
• For 450MHz – 6 GHz frequency range.
Timer Dispersion Parameters
Determined from a power delay profile.

Mean excess delay( ): 

Rms delay spread


(στ):
Timer Dispersion Parameters
Maximum Excess Delay (X dB):

Defined as the time delay value after which the multipath


energy falls to X dB below the maximum multipath energy (not
necessarily belonging to the first arriving component).

It is also called excess delay spread.


RMS Delay Spread
PDP Outdoor
PDP Indoor
Noise Threshold
• The values of time dispersion parameters also depend on the noise
threshold (the level of power below which the signal is considered as
noise).
• If the noise threshold is set too low, then the noise will be processed
as multipath and thus causing the parameters to be higher.
Coherence Bandwidth
• Coherence bandwidth Bc is a statistical measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be considered flat (i.e.,
it passes all spectral components with approximately equal gain
and linear phase).
• All frequency components of the transmitted signal within the
coherence bandwidth will fade simultaneously.
• The coherence bandwidth is inversely proportional to the delay
spread.
Coherence Bandwidth
• Delay spread στ and coherent bandwidth Bc are parameters that
describe the time dispersion nature of the mobile channel, and their
values with respect to the transmitted signal bandwidth Bs and the
symbol duration Ts can help determine if the channel is experiencing flat
fading or frequency-selective fading.
• The difference between path lengths is rarely greater than a few
kilometers, so the delay spread στ is rarely more than several micro-
seconds.
• The coherence bandwidth Bc is thus typically greater than 100 kHz. If a
channel is faded at one frequency, the frequency must be very roughly
changed by the coherence bandwidth Bc to find an unfaded frequency.
Coherence Bandwidth (BC)
• Range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered flat (i.e. channel
passes all spectral components with equal gain and linear phase).
• It is a definition that depends on RMS Delay Spread.
• Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are affected quite differently
by the channel.

f1

Receiver
f2

Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|


Coherence Bandwidth
Frequency correlation between two sinusoids: 0 <= Cr1, r2 <= 1.

If we define Coherence Bandwidth (BC) as the range of frequencies over which


the frequency correlation is above 0.9, then
1
BC  σ is rms delay spread.
50

If we define Coherence Bandwidth as the range of frequencies over which


the frequency correlation is above 0.5, then

This is called 50% coherence bandwidth.


Coherence Bandwidth
• Example:
• For a multipath channel, σ is given as 1.37μs.
• The 50% coherence bandwidth is given as: 1/5σ = 146kHz.
• This means that, for a good transmission from a transmitter to a receiver, the range of
transmission frequency (channel bandwidth) should not exceed 146kHz, so that all
frequencies in this band experience the same channel characteristics.
• Equalizers are needed in order to use transmission frequencies that are separated larger than
this value.
• This coherence bandwidth is enough for an AMPS channel (30kHz band needed for a
channel), but is not enough for a GSM channel (200kHz needed per channel).
Coherence Time
• Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth describe the time dispersive
nature of the channel in a local area.
• They don’t offer information about the time varying nature of the channel caused by
relative motion of transmitter and receiver.
• Doppler Spread and Coherence time are parameters which describe
the time varying nature of the channel in a small-scale region.
Doppler Spread
• Measure of spectral broadening caused by motion
• We know how to compute Doppler shift: fd
• Doppler spread, BD, is defined as the maximum Doppler shift: fm = v/λ
• If the baseband signal bandwidth is much greater than BD then effect
of Doppler spread is negligible at the receiver.
Coherence Time
Coherence time is the time duration over which the channel impulse response
is essentially invariant.

If the symbol period of the baseband signal (reciprocal of the baseband signal
bandwidth) is greater the coherence time, than the signal will distort, since
The channel will change during the transmission of the signal.

TS Coherence time (TC) is defined as:

TC TC  f1
m

f2
f1

t1 Δt=t2 - t1 t2
Coherence Time
Coherence time is also defined as:
0.423
TC  9
16f m2

fm

Coherence time definition implies that two signals arriving with a time
separation greater than TC are affected differently by the channel.
REFERENCES
1. Kaveh PahLaven and P. Krishna Murthy: Principles of Wireless Networks. Prentice Hall. 2ndEdition, 2002
2. Kamilo Feher: Wireless Digital Communications. PHI. 1stEdition 2015
3. William Stallings: Wireless Communication and Networking. PHI.2nd Edition2009
4. Upen Dalal: Wireless Communication. Oxford Univ. Press 4thEdition 2009

5. VK Garg: Wireless Communications and Networking. Elsevier.1st Edition, 2007

21
THANK YOU

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queries
Email:
22

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