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Mendelian Genetics Lesson (STUDENT)

The document discusses Mendelian genetics, focusing on Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established foundational principles of heredity. It outlines Mendel's three laws: the Law of Segregation, the Law of Independent Assortment, and the Law of Dominance, which explain how traits are inherited. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and the use of Punnett squares for predicting genetic outcomes.

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4 views18 pages

Mendelian Genetics Lesson (STUDENT)

The document discusses Mendelian genetics, focusing on Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established foundational principles of heredity. It outlines Mendel's three laws: the Law of Segregation, the Law of Independent Assortment, and the Law of Dominance, which explain how traits are inherited. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and the use of Punnett squares for predicting genetic outcomes.

Uploaded by

jordanblckwd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mendelian

Genetics
❑ Has anyone ever told you that you
have your mother’s dimples or your
father’s nose?

❑ Have you ever wondered why you


are a particular height, have curly
hair, or maybe green eyes?

❑ All of these questions can be


answered by understanding heredity
- the passing of traits from one
generation to the next.
Gregor
Mendel
❑Gregor Mendel is known as
the father of genetics.

❑He was born in 1822 in


Austria. Gregor Mendel

❑He became a monk and


worked in the monastery
gardens.

❑He became fascinated with


pea plants that grew there.
Mendel’s Garden
Gregor
Mendel
❑ Mendel’s experiments with
peas were able to show that
genes are discrete units that
keep their separate identities
when passed from
generation to generation.

❑ One of the reasons for the


success of Mendel’s
experiments was that they
were very carefully designed
and controlled.
Mendel used peas because they were easy to grow

❑ Mendel kept detailed notes of and had many traits that were easily distinguishable
(color, shape, height, etc.)

everything that he did and


Gregor
Mendel
❑ Mendel observed traits in his pea plants (7 to be exact).

❑Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited.


❑eye color
❑leaf shape
❑tail length
❑widow’s peak

❑Scientists knew that traits were inheritable (passed from one


generation to the next), but they didn’t know HOW.

❑That is…until Mendel!


Gregor
Mendel
❑ Mendel observed the following traits in his pea plants:
Gregor
Mendel
❑ In genetics, we refer to the mating of two organisms as a cross.
❑ Mendel noticed that when he crossed a purebred, white-flowered
pea plant with a purebred, purple-flowered pea plant, the
resulting offspring looked like this:

Second Filial Generation (F2)


Parent Generation (P)

First Filial Generation (F1)

X X

❑ Traits that were hidden when parental purebred flowers were


crossed reappeared in the F2 generation.
Gregor
Mendel
❑ This was one example of the many patterns that Mendel
discovered during his experiments.

❑From these observations, Mendel drew three important


conclusions which are known as Mendel’s laws:

❑Law of Segregation
❑Law of Independent Assortment
❑Law of Dominance
Law of
Segregation
❑ Organisms
parent.
inherit two copies of each gene, one from each

Your body chromosome gene


cell DNA
is made of
cells

❑ Genes are pieces of DNA that provide instructions to make a


certain protein.
❑ Genes determine your traits (features or characteristics that are
passed on to you - or inherited - from your parents).
Law of
Segregation
❑ Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their
gametes.
Parent 1 Parent 2
a a
A A
meiosis meiosis

A a A a

A a A a
Law of
Segregation
Emma’s Mother Emma’s Father
red
red
brown hair
red hair
hair
Emma hair

meiosis
meiosis
red
red
hair
brown red hair
hair hair

red red
hair hair
brown red
hair hair
Mendel’s
❑LawLaws
of Segregation
❑Law of Independent Assortment
❑Law of Dominance

Before we discuss
Mendel’s other
laws, we need to
understand some
important
principles of
heredity.
Traits, Genes and
Alleles
❑ There can be different versions of genes called
alleles.
❑ You receive one from each parent.
❑ represented by letters (ex: Y for yellow color or y
for green color in peas)

Organism

a
A
Traits, Genes and
❑ The allelesAlleles
that an
organism receives
from its parents can be
the same
(homozygous).

❑ Or… the two alleles


might be different
(heterozygous).
Traits, Genes and
❑ A genotypeAlleles
refers to an organism’s
combination of alleles.
❑ ex. BB, Bb, bb

❑ The physical characteristics, or traits, of an


individual organism make up its phenotype.
❑ ex. blue eyes, smooth peas, tall plant, brown
fur
Dominant and Recessive
Alleles
❑ an organism’s genotype might be:
❑ homozygous dominant (TT)
❑ heterozygous (Tt)
❑ homozygous recessive (tt)
Punnett
Square
❑ A Punnett square is used to show possible
offspring of a genetic cross.
❑ monohybrid- crosses one trait (4 boxes)
❑ dihybrid- crosses two traits (16 boxes)

ry RY rY Ry
ry
RY
rY
Ry

monohybrid cross dihybrid cross


Punnett
Square Parent Alleles

egg egg

t t
sperm genotypes of genotypes of

T
possible possible
Tt Tt
Parent Alleles

offspring offspring

sperm
genotypes of
possible
genotypes of
possible t tt tt
offspring offspring

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