11M02

Relations and Functions

 2
3< 7 25=5

3 is less than 7 25 is square of 5

Relations
 11M02.1
Cartesian Product
11M02.1 – Relations and Functions

Learning Objectives

Ordered Pair

Ordered Triplet

Cartesian Product of Sets

 11M02.1
CV 1
Ordered Pairs and Ordered Triplets
 𝐴 𝐵
Ordered Pair

• Containing Two objects Sumit

Singh
• Written in parentheses Amol
Kumar
• is important Radha

(Sumit, Kumar)

(Radha, Singh)

(Singh, Radha)
 𝐴 𝐵
Ordered Pair

• Containing Two objects Sumit

Singh
• Written in parentheses Amol
Kumar
• is important Radha

Ordered pair and

𝐴 𝐵
Ex. and
1 5
Sol. Ordered pairs are : 2 6
(1 , 5)
,(1, 6) , , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 ,6 ) , ( 2 , 7, ()3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) ,(3 ,7 ) 3 7

(5 , 1)
,(5 , 2) , , ( 6 , 1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) ,(7 ,3)
 11M02.1
CV 2
Difference Between Set and Ordered Pair
 Sets Ordered Pairs

{{ 𝑥}
1. 𝐴= , 𝑦} (
1. 𝑎=( 𝑥 , 𝑦)
)
2. { 𝑥 , 𝑦 }= { 𝑦 , 𝑥 } 2.(𝑥 , 𝑦 )≠( 𝑦 , 𝑥 )
Repeated elements are not written twice Repeated elements are written twice
Ex. Ex. ≠( 𝑥)
Can have more than two elements Can not have more than two elements
𝐴= { 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 } 𝑎= ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )

Ordered Triplet
 11M02.1
CV 3
Equality of Ordered Pairs
 𝐴= ( 𝑎 1 , 𝑏1 )
𝑎 1= 𝑎2

𝐵=( 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 ) 𝑏1 =𝑏2

Ex. Find the value of and if

Sol.
Given ,

( 2 , 𝑦 ) =( 𝑥 , 3)
2= 𝑥
𝑦 =− 3
∴ 𝑥=2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =− 3
11M02.1
PSV 1
Q. Find the value of and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q1)
Sol. Given Ordered Pair are equal
.
𝑥 5
2 5
∴ + 1= 𝑦 − =
3 3 3 3
𝑥 5
= − 1𝑦 = 5 + 2
3 3 3 3
𝑥 2 7
= 𝑦=
3 3 3
𝑥=2
7
𝑥 =2 , 𝑦 =
3
 11M02.1
CV 4
Cartesian Product
 Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
(Blue,Pen) (Red,Pen) (Black,Pen)
Blue (Blue,Pencil) (Red,Pencil) (Black,Pencil)
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
 Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
(Pen, Blue) (Pen, Red) (Pen, Black)
Blue (Blue,Pencil) (Red,Pencil) (Black,Pencil)
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
𝐵× 𝐴
¿ { ( 𝑏 , 𝑎 ) :𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑎∈ 𝐴}

Fixed Order
 Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
Blue
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
𝐵× 𝐴
¿ { ( 𝑏 , 𝑎 ) :𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑎∈ 𝐴}
Ex. and Find and 𝐴 𝐵
Sol. 1 5

𝐴× 𝐵=¿{(1 , 5), (1, 6), , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 ,6 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) }2 6

{ ( 5 ,1 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 3 ) , ( 6 ,1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 7 ,2 ) ,(7 , 3) } 3 7
𝐵 × 𝐴=¿
11M02.1
PSV 2
Q. If and Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q3)
Sol.
{( 7 , 5
𝐺 × 𝐻 =¿ , ()7 , 4
, ()7 , 2, ()8,5 ) , ( 8, 4 ) , ( 8,2 ) } 𝐻
𝐺 𝐺
𝐻
𝐻 × 𝐺=¿
{ ( 5 ,7, ()5 ,,8( 4) , 7 ) , ( 4,,( 8
2 ), 7 ) , ( 2 , 8 ) } 75 75
4 4
82 82
 ConcepTest 1
Ready For Challenge
Q. If Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q6)

Pause the video

(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. If Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q6)
Sol.
𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 𝑎 , 𝑥 ) , ( 𝑎 , 𝑦 ) , ( 𝑏 , 𝑥 ) ,(𝑏 , 𝑦 ) }
𝐴 𝐵
𝑎
𝑏
 11M02.1
CV 5
Important Points about Cartesian Product
1. 𝐴× 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵× 𝐴 𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) ,(2 , 4)
If or is Null set, then so is 𝐵 × 𝐴= { ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 ,2 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) ,(4 , 2)
𝐴× 𝐵= { ∅ }
If or is an Infinite set, then so is

𝐴× 𝐵= { ∞ }

If and , then 𝐴 𝐵
Let any set,
𝐴× 𝐴× 𝐴={ ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 ) :𝑎 ,𝑏 ,𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 } 3
𝑛 ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=¿ 5

Ordered Triplet
Ex.If Find
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q5)
Sol
.
We have ,
{(−1,−1,−1,) ,(−1 ,− 1 ,1), , , ( 1 ,− 1 ,− 1 ) , ( 1 , −1 ,1 ) , ( 1 ,1 , −1 ) , ( 1 ,1 , 1 ) }

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
-1 -1 -1

1 1 1
 ConcepTest 2
Ready For Challenge
Q. The Cartesian Product has elements among which are found
and . Find the set and the remaining elements .
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q10)

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(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. The Cartesian Product has elements among which are found
and . Find the set and the remaining elements .
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q10)
Sol.
𝐴 𝐴
𝑨× 𝑨=¿
?
−1
(−𝟎
−1 ) 𝟏,1)
𝟏, 0(0
𝟎
1
𝐴={−1 , 0 , 1 }
𝐴× 𝐴= { (− 1 ,− 1 ) , ( −1 , 0 ) , ( −1 , 1 ) , ( 0 , −1 ) , ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , −1 ) , ( 1, 0 ) ,(1 ,1) }
11M02.2
Relations
11M02.1 – Relations

Learning
Objectives
What is Relations

How to represent Relations

 11M02.2
CV 1
What is Relation
𝐴= { −1 , 3 ,1
𝐵=} {2 , 9 , 1} • is a subset of
• Domain = set of all elements of ¿ {− 1 ,3 ,1 }
𝐴 𝑎 2= 𝑏 𝐵 ordered pairs in relation
• Co-domain = set ¿ {2 , 9 , 1 }
• Range = set of all elements of
¿ {9 ,1 }
ordered pairs in
relation
• element of ordered pairs in relation are
Image of element

𝐴× 𝐵=¿{ ( −1 , 2 ) , ( −1 , 9 ) , ( −1
, ( 3, 1, )2 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) , ( 3, (,11,) 2 ) , ( 1 , 9 ) ,(1 , 1) }
{ ( − 1 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) ,(1 , 1) }
𝑅=¿

Relation = when and are related under a particular condition

Ex. Let and . Define a relation from to by
;
Sol.
; 𝐴 𝐵
𝐴= { 1, 2 , 3𝐵={4 } ,5}
1 4
𝑅={ ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) }
2
𝐴× 𝐵={( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) } 3 5
Clearly ,
11M02.2
PSV 1
Q. Let Define a relation from to by
Write down it’s Domain,
Co-domain and Range.
(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q1)
Sol.

i.e. 3 𝑥= 𝑦
𝑅= { (1 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) ,( 4 ,12) }
Domain of ¿ {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }
Co-domain of = Set

Range of ¿ {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 }
 11M02.2
CV 2
Important Points and Representation of Relations
 Representation of Relation is possible using two ways
1. Algebraical Representation 2. Visual Representation

1. Set-Builder form Arrow Diagram

2. Roster form
Ex. two sets and
Sol.
Relation - elements of A are the square of the elements of B. Arrow Diagram
Representation-
𝐴 𝐵
In roster form
𝑅={(9 ,3),(16 , 4),(25 , 5)} 9 3

In set-builder form 16 4
25 5
𝑅={(𝑥 , 𝑦): 𝑥 is the square of 𝑦 , 𝑥∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦∈ 𝐵 }.
Representation of Relation is possible using two ways
1. Algebraical Representation 2. Visual Representation

1. Set-Builder form Arrow Diagram

2. Roster form

Number of Relations Possible from Set to Set

We know, Any Relation for set to set is a subset of

No. of Relations No. of Subsets of 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=𝑝 For any set
Power set of 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )= 𝑞
¿2
𝑝𝑞 𝑛 ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=𝑝 ×𝑞𝑛 ( Power set )=
11M02.2
PSV 2
Q. Let and . Find the number of relations
from to (NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q8)
Sol.
We know,
No. of Relations No. of Subsets of
𝐴= { 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 }
𝐵={ 1 , 2 }
𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 𝑥 , 1 ) , ( 𝑥 , 2 ) , ( 𝑦 , 1 ) , ( 𝑦 , 2 ) , ( 𝑧 , 1 ) ,( 𝑧 , 2)𝑛} ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=6
No. of Relations = 26
 ConcepTest
Ready For Challenge
Q. Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by

(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q6)

Pause the video

(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by

(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q6)

Sol.
𝑅= { ( 𝑥 , 𝑥 +5 ) : 𝑥 ∈ { 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } }

{ 5,6 ,7 ,8 ,9,10 }
Roster Form
𝑅= { ( 0 , 5 ) , (1 , 6 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) , ( 3 , 8 ) , ( 4 , 9 ) ,(5 , 10) }
of{ 0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Domain ¿ ,5 }
Range of ¿ {5 ,6 ,7 , 8 , 9 ,10 }
11M02.3
Functions
11M02.3 – Functions

Learning
Objectives
What is Functions

How to represent Functions and Types

Graph of Real Functions

Algebra of Real Functions

 11M02.3
CV 1
What is Functions
Functions is also a relation from to Only if it follows two specific rules:-

Those two specific rules

are:-
1. Every element of set should have an image
in Set .
2. Every element of set should have only one image in Set .

Ex. Not a Function Ex. Is a Function

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

Rule - 1
Rule - 1
Rule - 2
Rule - 2
Ex. Let two Sets and
Function and
Find Domain, Co-domain, Range for
Sol.
Domain = All elements of Set .
¿ {9 , 16 , 25 }
𝐴 𝐵
3
9
Co-domain = All elements of Set . 2
16
¿ {3 , 2 , 4 , 5 } 25
4
5
Range = Only Covered elements of set .
¿ {3 , 4 ,5 }
 11M02.3
CV 2
How to represent Functions and Types
Representation of function
𝑓 : 𝐴→ 𝐵 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦 )

Domain
Range Independent Dependent

𝒙 𝒇 𝒚
¿ ¿

Ex. , , then Find and

Sol. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥=0 , 𝑓 ( 0 )=0 × −1=0 𝑓 ( 0 ) =0
𝑥=1 , 𝑓 ( 1 ) =1× 0=0 𝑓 ( 1 )=0
𝑥=2 , 𝑓 ( 2 )=2 ×1=2 𝑓 ( 2 )=2
Types of function

Identity functions

Constant functions

Polynomial functions

Rational functions

Modulus functions

Signum functions

Greatest integer functions

Identity Function :

Definition by for each

Domain ¿ 𝑅 𝑌
8
Range ¿𝑅 6
Graph 4
2
- Straight line
𝑋′ O 𝑋
− 8−6− 4
− 2 2 468
- Passes through the origin −2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Constant function :

Definition by where is constant for each

Domain ¿ 𝑅 𝑌
8
Range ¿ {𝑐 } 6
Graph 4
2
- Straight line
𝑋′ O 𝑋
−8
−6− 4
− 2 2 468
- Parallel to the −2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Polynomial function :

Definition by
where is a non-negative integer and for each
3
𝑌
Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 8
6
Domain ¿𝑅
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
−6− 4−2 O2 468
−8
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Polynomial function :

Definition by
where is a non-negative integer and for each
2 𝑌
Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥
8
Domain ¿𝑅 6
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
−6− 4−2 O2 468
−8
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Rational function :

Definition and by where for each

Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 1 𝑌
𝑥 8
6
Domain all real number except 4
2
Range all real number except
𝑋′ O 𝑋
− 8−6− 4−2 2 468
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Modulus function :

Definition by for each

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 ≥
𝑥0
{ 𝑌
𝑥<
−𝑥 0 8
Domain 6
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
− 8−6− 4−2 O2 468
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Signum function :

Definition by for each

{
𝑥>10
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥=0
0 𝑌
𝑥<
−1 0 3
Domain
2
Range ¿ {−1,0.1 } 1
−3−2−1 123 4 5
𝑋′ O 𝑋
−1
−2
−3
𝑌′
Signum function :

Definition by for each

{
𝑥>10
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥=0
0 𝑌
𝑥<
−1 0
Domain 𝑦 =1
Range ¿ {−1,0.1 }
𝑋′ O 𝑋
𝑦 =−1 −1

𝑌′
Greatest Integer function :

Definition by for each

for
𝑌
for
3
for
2
Domain 1
−3−2−1 123 4 5
𝑋′ O 𝑋
Range Set of all the integer Values in
−1
−2
−3
𝑌′
 11M02.3
CV 2
Algebra of Real Functions
Algebra of real function

Let and be any two real functions.

Where , then, we define

by
, for all

Example :
Subtraction of a real function from another real function
Let and be two real function then
by
, for all
Example :
Multiplication by a scaler
Let be real valued function and be a scaler.
The product is a function from to defined by
( 𝛼 𝑓 ) ( 𝑥 ) =𝛼 𝑓 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Example :
Multiplication of two real functions
Let and be two real functions.
Then defined by
for all
Also called pointwise multiplication.
Example :
Quotient of two real functions.
Let be two real function.
The quotient of by by is a

( )
𝑓
𝑔
( 𝑥)=
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
, 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )≠ 0

Example :