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Relation and Functions - Updated (Autosaved)

The document covers the concepts of relations and functions, focusing on ordered pairs, Cartesian products, and the differences between sets and ordered pairs. It explains how to represent relations algebraically and visually, and discusses the domain, co-domain, and range of relations. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
29 views65 pages

Relation and Functions - Updated (Autosaved)

The document covers the concepts of relations and functions, focusing on ordered pairs, Cartesian products, and the differences between sets and ordered pairs. It explains how to represent relations algebraically and visually, and discusses the domain, co-domain, and range of relations. Additionally, it provides examples and exercises to illustrate these concepts.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11M02

Relations and Functions


2
3< 7 25=5

3 is less than 7 25 is square of 5

Relations
11M02.1
Cartesian Product
11M02.1 – Relations and Functions

Learning Objectives

Ordered Pair

Ordered Triplet

Cartesian Product of Sets


11M02.1
CV 1
Ordered Pairs and Ordered Triplets
𝐴 𝐵
Ordered Pair

• Containing Two objects Sumit


Singh
• Written in parentheses Amol
Kumar
• is important Radha

(Sumit, Kumar)

(Radha, Singh)

(Singh, Radha)
𝐴 𝐵
Ordered Pair

• Containing Two objects Sumit


Singh
• Written in parentheses Amol
Kumar
• is important Radha

Ordered pair and


𝐴 𝐵
Ex. and
1 5
Sol. Ordered pairs are : 2 6
(1 , 5)
,(1, 6) , , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 ,6 ) , ( 2 , 7, ()3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) ,(3 ,7 ) 3 7

(5 , 1)
,(5 , 2) , , ( 6 , 1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 7 , 2 ) ,(7 ,3)
11M02.1
CV 2
Difference Between Set and Ordered Pair
Sets Ordered Pairs

{{ 𝑥}
1. 𝐴= , 𝑦} (
1. 𝑎=( 𝑥 , 𝑦)
)
2. { 𝑥 , 𝑦 }= { 𝑦 , 𝑥 } 2.(𝑥 , 𝑦 )≠( 𝑦 , 𝑥 )
Repeated elements are not written twice Repeated elements are written twice
Ex. Ex. ≠( 𝑥)
Can have more than two elements Can not have more than two elements
𝐴= { 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 } 𝑎= ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )

Ordered Triplet
11M02.1
CV 3
Equality of Ordered Pairs
𝐴= ( 𝑎 1 , 𝑏1 )
𝑎 1= 𝑎2

𝐵=( 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 ) 𝑏1 =𝑏2

Ex. Find the value of and if

Sol.
Given ,

( 2 , 𝑦 ) =( 𝑥 , 3)
2= 𝑥
𝑦 =− 3
∴ 𝑥=2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =− 3
11M02.1
PSV 1
Q. Find the value of and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q1)
Sol. Given Ordered Pair are equal
.
𝑥 5
2 5
∴ + 1= 𝑦 − =
3 3 3 3
𝑥 5
= − 1𝑦 = 5 + 2
3 3 3 3
𝑥 2 7
= 𝑦=
3 3 3
𝑥=2
7
𝑥 =2 , 𝑦 =
3
11M02.1
CV 4
Cartesian Product
Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
(Blue,Pen) (Red,Pen) (Black,Pen)
Blue (Blue,Pencil) (Red,Pencil) (Black,Pencil)
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
(Pen, Blue) (Pen, Red) (Pen, Black)
Blue (Blue,Pencil) (Red,Pencil) (Black,Pencil)
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
𝐵× 𝐴
¿ { ( 𝑏 , 𝑎 ) :𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑎∈ 𝐴}

Fixed Order
Cartesian Product = set of all possible ordered pairs
𝐴 𝐵
Blue
Pen
Red
Pencil 𝐴× 𝐵
¿ { ( 𝑎 ,𝑏 ) :𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Black
𝐵× 𝐴
¿ { ( 𝑏 , 𝑎 ) :𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑎∈ 𝐴}
Ex. and Find and 𝐴 𝐵
Sol. 1 5

𝐴× 𝐵=¿{(1 , 5), (1, 6), , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 2 ,6 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 3 , 7 ) }2 6

{ ( 5 ,1 ) , ( 5 , 2 ) , ( 5 , 3 ) , ( 6 ,1 ) , ( 6 , 2 ) , ( 6 , 3 ) , ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 7 ,2 ) ,(7 , 3) } 3 7
𝐵 × 𝐴=¿
11M02.1
PSV 2
Q. If and Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q3)
Sol.
{( 7 , 5
𝐺 × 𝐻 =¿ , ()7 , 4
, ()7 , 2, ()8,5 ) , ( 8, 4 ) , ( 8,2 ) } 𝐻
𝐺 𝐺
𝐻
𝐻 × 𝐺=¿
{ ( 5 ,7, ()5 ,,8( 4) , 7 ) , ( 4,,( 8
2 ), 7 ) , ( 2 , 8 ) } 75 75
4 4
82 82
ConcepTest 1
Ready For Challenge
Q. If Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q6)

Pause the video


(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. If Find and
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q6)
Sol.
𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 𝑎 , 𝑥 ) , ( 𝑎 , 𝑦 ) , ( 𝑏 , 𝑥 ) ,(𝑏 , 𝑦 ) }
𝐴 𝐵
𝑎
𝑏
11M02.1
CV 5
Important Points about Cartesian Product
1. 𝐴× 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵× 𝐴 𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 1 ,3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) ,(2 , 4)
If or is Null set, then so is 𝐵 × 𝐴= { ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 ,2 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) ,(4 , 2)
𝐴× 𝐵= { ∅ }
If or is an Infinite set, then so is

𝐴× 𝐵= { ∞ }

If and , then 𝐴 𝐵
Let any set,
𝐴× 𝐴× 𝐴={ ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 ) :𝑎 ,𝑏 ,𝑐 ∈ 𝐴 } 3
𝑛 ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=¿ 5

Ordered Triplet
Ex.If Find
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q5)
Sol
.
We have ,
{(−1,−1,−1,) ,(−1 ,− 1 ,1), , , ( 1 ,− 1 ,− 1 ) , ( 1 , −1 ,1 ) , ( 1 ,1 , −1 ) , ( 1 ,1 , 1 ) }

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
-1 -1 -1

1 1 1
ConcepTest 2
Ready For Challenge
Q. The Cartesian Product has elements among which are found
and . Find the set and the remaining elements .
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q10)

Pause the video


(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. The Cartesian Product has elements among which are found
and . Find the set and the remaining elements .
(NCERT - Ex 2.1 – Q10)
Sol.
𝐴 𝐴
𝑨× 𝑨=¿
?
−1
(−𝟎
−1 ) 𝟏,1)
𝟏, 0(0
𝟎
1
𝐴={−1 , 0 , 1 }
𝐴× 𝐴= { (− 1 ,− 1 ) , ( −1 , 0 ) , ( −1 , 1 ) , ( 0 , −1 ) , ( 0 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , −1 ) , ( 1, 0 ) ,(1 ,1) }
11M02.2
Relations
11M02.1 – Relations

Learning
Objectives
What is Relations

How to represent Relations


11M02.2
CV 1
What is Relation
𝐴= { −1 , 3 ,1
𝐵=} {2 , 9 , 1} • is a subset of
• Domain = set of all elements of ¿ {− 1 ,3 ,1 }
𝐴 𝑎 2= 𝑏 𝐵 ordered pairs in relation
• Co-domain = set ¿ {2 , 9 , 1 }
• Range = set of all elements of
¿ {9 ,1 }
ordered pairs in
relation
• element of ordered pairs in relation are
Image of element

𝐴× 𝐵=¿{ ( −1 , 2 ) , ( −1 , 9 ) , ( −1
, ( 3, 1, )2 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) , ( 3, (,11,) 2 ) , ( 1 , 9 ) ,(1 , 1) }
{ ( − 1 ,1 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) ,(1 , 1) }
𝑅=¿

Relation = when and are related under a particular condition


Ex. Let and . Define a relation from to by
;
Sol.
; 𝐴 𝐵
𝐴= { 1, 2 , 3𝐵={4 } ,5}
1 4
𝑅={ ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 3 , 5 ) }
2
𝐴× 𝐵={( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 2 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 4 ) , ( 3 ,5 ) } 3 5
Clearly ,
11M02.2
PSV 1
Q. Let Define a relation from to by
Write down it’s Domain,
Co-domain and Range.
(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q1)
Sol.

i.e. 3 𝑥= 𝑦
𝑅= { (1 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 6 ) , ( 3 , 9 ) ,( 4 ,12) }
Domain of ¿ {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }
Co-domain of = Set

Range of ¿ {3 , 6 , 9 , 12 }
11M02.2
CV 2
Important Points and Representation of Relations
Representation of Relation is possible using two ways
1. Algebraical Representation 2. Visual Representation

1. Set-Builder form Arrow Diagram


2. Roster form
Ex. two sets and
Sol.
Relation - elements of A are the square of the elements of B. Arrow Diagram
Representation-
𝐴 𝐵
In roster form
𝑅={(9 ,3),(16 , 4),(25 , 5)} 9 3

In set-builder form 16 4
25 5
𝑅={(𝑥 , 𝑦): 𝑥 is the square of 𝑦 , 𝑥∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦∈ 𝐵 }.
Representation of Relation is possible using two ways
1. Algebraical Representation 2. Visual Representation

1. Set-Builder form Arrow Diagram


2. Roster form

Number of Relations Possible from Set to Set

We know, Any Relation for set to set is a subset of


No. of Relations No. of Subsets of 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=𝑝 For any set
Power set of 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )= 𝑞
¿2
𝑝𝑞 𝑛 ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=𝑝 ×𝑞𝑛 ( Power set )=
11M02.2
PSV 2
Q. Let and . Find the number of relations
from to (NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q8)
Sol.
We know,
No. of Relations No. of Subsets of
𝐴= { 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 }
𝐵={ 1 , 2 }
𝐴× 𝐵= { ( 𝑥 , 1 ) , ( 𝑥 , 2 ) , ( 𝑦 , 1 ) , ( 𝑦 , 2 ) , ( 𝑧 , 1 ) ,( 𝑧 , 2)𝑛} ( 𝐴× 𝐵 )=6
No. of Relations = 26
ConcepTest
Ready For Challenge
Q. Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by

(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q6)

Pause the video


(Time Duration: 4 Minutes)
Q. Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by

(NCERT - Ex 2.2 – Q6)


Sol.
𝑅= { ( 𝑥 , 𝑥 +5 ) : 𝑥 ∈ { 0 , 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } }

{ 5,6 ,7 ,8 ,9,10 }
Roster Form
𝑅= { ( 0 , 5 ) , (1 , 6 ) , ( 2 , 7 ) , ( 3 , 8 ) , ( 4 , 9 ) ,(5 , 10) }
of{ 0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Domain ¿ ,5 }
Range of ¿ {5 ,6 ,7 , 8 , 9 ,10 }
11M02.3
Functions
11M02.3 – Functions

Learning
Objectives
What is Functions

How to represent Functions and Types

Graph of Real Functions

Algebra of Real Functions


11M02.3
CV 1
What is Functions
Functions is also a relation from to Only if it follows two specific rules:-

Those two specific rules


are:-
1. Every element of set should have an image
in Set .
2. Every element of set should have only one image in Set .

Ex. Not a Function Ex. Is a Function


𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

Rule - 1
Rule - 1
Rule - 2
Rule - 2
Ex. Let two Sets and
Function and
Find Domain, Co-domain, Range for
Sol.
Domain = All elements of Set .
¿ {9 , 16 , 25 }
𝐴 𝐵
3
9
Co-domain = All elements of Set . 2
16
¿ {3 , 2 , 4 , 5 } 25
4
5
Range = Only Covered elements of set .
¿ {3 , 4 ,5 }
11M02.3
CV 2
How to represent Functions and Types
Representation of function
𝑓 : 𝐴→ 𝐵 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦 )

Domain
Range Independent Dependent

𝒙 𝒇 𝒚
¿ ¿

Ex. , , then Find and

Sol. 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥=0 , 𝑓 ( 0 )=0 × −1=0 𝑓 ( 0 ) =0
𝑥=1 , 𝑓 ( 1 ) =1× 0=0 𝑓 ( 1 )=0
𝑥=2 , 𝑓 ( 2 )=2 ×1=2 𝑓 ( 2 )=2
Types of function

Identity functions

Constant functions

Polynomial functions

Rational functions

Modulus functions

Signum functions

Greatest integer functions


Identity Function :

Definition by for each

Domain ¿ 𝑅 𝑌
8
Range ¿𝑅 6
Graph 4
2
- Straight line
𝑋′ O 𝑋
− 8−6− 4
− 2 2 468
- Passes through the origin −2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Constant function :

Definition by where is constant for each

Domain ¿ 𝑅 𝑌
8
Range ¿ {𝑐 } 6
Graph 4
2
- Straight line
𝑋′ O 𝑋
−8
−6− 4
− 2 2 468
- Parallel to the −2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Polynomial function :

Definition by
where is a non-negative integer and for each
3
𝑌
Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥 8
6
Domain ¿𝑅
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
−6− 4−2 O2 468
−8
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Polynomial function :

Definition by
where is a non-negative integer and for each
2 𝑌
Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑥
8
Domain ¿𝑅 6
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
−6− 4−2 O2 468
−8
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Rational function :

Definition and by where for each

Ex. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅 by 𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 1 𝑌
𝑥 8
6
Domain all real number except 4
2
Range all real number except
𝑋′ O 𝑋
− 8−6− 4−2 2 468
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Modulus function :

Definition by for each

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 ≥
𝑥0
{ 𝑌
𝑥<
−𝑥 0 8
Domain 6
4
Range ¿𝑅 2
𝑋′ 𝑋
− 8−6− 4−2 O2 468
−2
−4
−6
−8
𝑌′
Signum function :

Definition by for each

{
𝑥>10
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥=0
0 𝑌
𝑥<
−1 0 3
Domain
2
Range ¿ {−1,0.1 } 1
−3−2−1 123 4 5
𝑋′ O 𝑋
−1
−2
−3
𝑌′
Signum function :

Definition by for each

{
𝑥>10
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥=0
0 𝑌
𝑥<
−1 0
Domain 𝑦 =1
Range ¿ {−1,0.1 }
𝑋′ O 𝑋
𝑦 =−1 −1

𝑌′
Greatest Integer function :

Definition by for each

for
𝑌
for
3
for
2
Domain 1
−3−2−1 123 4 5
𝑋′ O 𝑋
Range Set of all the integer Values in
−1
−2
−3
𝑌′
11M02.3
CV 2
Algebra of Real Functions
Algebra of real function

Let and be any two real functions.

Where , then, we define


by
, for all

Example :
Subtraction of a real function from another real function
Let and be two real function then
by
, for all
Example :
Multiplication by a scaler
Let be real valued function and be a scaler.
The product is a function from to defined by
( 𝛼 𝑓 ) ( 𝑥 ) =𝛼 𝑓 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Example :
Multiplication of two real functions
Let and be two real functions.
Then defined by
for all
Also called pointwise multiplication.
Example :
Quotient of two real functions.
Let be two real function.
The quotient of by by is a

( )
𝑓
𝑔
( 𝑥)=
𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)
, 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )≠ 0

Example :

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