BASIC

PRESENTATION
CONTENT

 Introduction
 Preliminaries
 Main results(SLIDE-5 & SLIDE-
6)
 Applications
 Conclusions & Future Scope
 References
 THANK YOU
 INTRODUCTION
-:The Intersection of Geometry and Linear
Algebra :-
What A branch of mathematics dealing with vectors, vector
is spaces, linear transformations, and systems of linear
Linear equations.
Algeb
ra
• A set of vectors where addition and scalar
What multiplication are defined and satisfy certain
are axioms.
Vecto • Geometric Interpretation: Think of vectors as
r arrows in a plane or space that can be scaled and
Space added to form new vectors.
s?
Geometry provides a visual and intuitive
Why
understanding of abstract algebraic concepts.
Geome
try in Examples: Linear combinations form geometric
Linear shapes like lines and planes. Orthogonality as
Algeb perpendicular vectors.
ra?
 PRELIMINARIES
FOUNDATIONS OF VECTOR SPACES
1.Vectors and Scalars:- Types: Cartesian Coordinates (ℝ²,
Vectors: Objects with magnitude and direction. ℝ³): Represent points using
Scalars: Real or complex numbers used for scaling perpendicular axes (e.g., (x,y)(x, y)
vectors. (x,y) in 2D).
•Polar Coordinates: Represent
2.Vector Spaces:- points using radius and angle (r,θr, \
Definition: A set of vectors closed under addition and thetar,θ) in 2D.
scalar multiplication. •Homogeneous Coordinates: Used
Examples: ℝ² (plane), ℝ³ (3D space), and function spaces. in computer graphics for
3.Basis and Dimension:
Linear
transformations, adding an extra
Basis:- A set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire Transformations
Definition:
dimension. A function 𝑇T that
space. maps vectors from one vector
Dimension:- Number of vectors in the basis, representing the
"size" of the space.
space to another while
4.Linear Combinations and Span: preserving vector addition
Coordinate
Linear Combination: A sum of scalar multiples of vectors. and =aT(
scalar multiplication:
Span: All possible vectors that can be formed using a set of
Systems
vectors. : A coordinate system
Definition Examples of Linear
Transformations:
assigns a unique set of numbers
•Scaling: Enlarges or shrinks vectors.
(coordinates) to each point in a •Rotation: Rotates vectors around an
space. origin.
Example: A 2D
(
rotation matrix:- 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 •Reflection: Flips vectors across a
line or plane.
RESULTS Subspaces: Span and Linear
Linear Independence: Definition: A subspace is a Combinations:
Definition: A set of vectors is subset of a vector space that Definition: The span of a set of
linearly independent if no vector itself forms a vector space vectors is the collection of all
in the set can beexpressed as a
under the same operations linear combinations of those
linear combination of theothers.
Example: (vector addition and scalar vectors.
multiplication). Linear Combination Formula:
{(1,0,0),(0,1,0),(0,0,1)} Conditions for a Subspace:
• These vectors are linearly independent because none
can be formed by a combination of the others. • Contains the zero vector. Where , , ,are scaler and , , are
• Contains the zero vector. vectors.
Geometric Insight
• Closed under addition.
• In , two vectors are linearly • Closed under scalar Contains the zero vector.
• Contains the zero vector.
independent if they do not lie multiplication.
• Closed under addition n.
on the same line. Example: • Closed under scalar multiplication.
• In , three vectors are The set of all vectors on a line Example:
independent if they do not lie passing through the origin in . The set of all vectors on a line
on the same plane.. The set of all planes passing passing through the origin in .
through the origin in. The set of all planes passing
Geometric Visualization: through the origin in.
A line (1D subspace) or plane Geometric Visualization:
(2D subspace) within a higher- A line (1D subspace) or plane (2D
dimensional space. subspace) within a higher-
 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:- Applications of Inner Product
MAIN
eigenvector 𝑣⃗ is a non-zero vector
Definition :- For a matrix 𝐴 , an Spaces
•Inner Product (Dot Product):
RESULTS that only changes in magnitude
• A measure of similarity
between vectors: ⟨u⃗,v⃗⟩=u1​
(not direction) when 𝐴 is applied: v1​+u2​v2​+⋯+un​vn​

Advanced
•Geometric Interpretation:
λ is the eigenvalue, representing • The inner product gives the
cosine of the angle between
Concepts in the scaling factor.
Geometric Interpretation:
vectors and measures
projection length.

Vector Eigenvectors point in directions

that remain unchanged (except for
•Applications:
• Orthogonality and
Projections:
Spaces and scaling) under the transformation.
•Example: • Projections of vectors
onto subspaces or other
Linear • For the matrix A=
• Eigenvectors are along
vectors use inner
products.

Transforma the axes (1,0) and (0,1).

• Eigenvalues are 2 and 3,
• Fourier Series (Signal
Processing):
• Decomposes signals into
tions indicating stretching by
factors of 2 and 3, orthogonal components.
• Quantum Mechanics:
respectively. • Inner products define
state probabilities in
quantum systems.
 APPLICATION
Real-World Applications of 7
Computer Graphics Vector Spaces Physics and Engineering
How Vector Spaces are Used: How Vector Spaces are Used:
Transformations: Rotations, translations, scaling, and shearing of Forces and Motion: Forces acting on a body are vectors. The resultant
objects in 2D and 3D are represented using matrices and vectors. force is the vector sum of individual forces.
3D Rendering: Position, lighting, and camera movements are Kinematics: Velocity and acceleration are represented as vectors.
modeled with vector operations.
Electric and Magnetic Fields: Fields are described as vector fields, with
Color Representation: Colors are often represented as vectors in direction and magnitude at each point.
RGB or other color spaces
Example:
Example:A 3D object’s rotation can be achieved using a rotation •A force vector acting at an angle on a block can be decomposed into
horizontal and vertical components.
matrix:𝑅(𝜃)=(cos⁡𝜃−sin⁡𝜃sin⁡𝜃cos⁡𝜃)R(θ)=( cosθsinθ​ −sinθcosθ​)
matrix applied to each vertex.Transformation
•Newton’s Laws: The equation F=ma uses vectors for force F, mass
m, and acceleration a.
Machine Learning and Data Analysis
•How Vector Spaces are Used:

Feature Representation: Data points are represented as

vectors in high-dimensional spaces.

Linear Models: Algorithms like linear regression and support

vector machines (SVMs) use vector spaces to find optimal
solutions.

Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA (Principal

Component Analysis) project data onto lower-dimensional
spaces.
PICTURE
•Example:
S
A dataset with features (x1,x2)(x_1, x_2)(x1​,x2​) can be
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Key Takeaways: 8
The Importance of Geometry in Linear Algebra:
Geometric interpretations make abstract concepts like vector spaces, linear
independence, and eigenvalues more intuitive.
Visualizing operations (e.g., rotations, projections) enhances understanding of
their effects on data and systems.
Broad Applications of Vector Spaces:
Vector spaces underpin various fields such as computer graphics, machine
learning, physics, and engineering.
Inner product spaces, transformations, and eigenvectors play crucial roles in
solving real-world problems.

Future Exploration Areas:

Quantum Computing:Quantum states are represented as vectors in complex
vector spaces (Hilbert spaces), where inner products define
probabilities.Understanding vector spaces is essential for quantum algorithms
and quantum mechanics.
Computational Geometry and Robotics:Geometric representations are critical
for path planning, object recognition, and motion control in robotics.Linear
transformations help model and predict motion in complex environments.
REFERENCES 9

ONLINE BOOKS PDF:-

•Introduction to Linear Algebra by Gilbert
Strang (5th Edition).
•Linear Algebra Done Right by Sheldon Axler.
Online Resources:
MIT OpenCourseWare: Linear Algebra (by Gilbert
Strang).
Khan Academy: Linear Algebra course (for
foundational concepts).
Paul’s Online Math Notes: Linear Algebra section (step-
by-step explanations).3Blue1Brown YouTube Channel:
Visual explanations of linear algebra concepts .
Applications and Software:
•Wolfram MathWorld: Vector Spaces and
Linear Algebra topics.
THANK YOU