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Dbms Reference Material 6

The document discusses SQL join operations, which combine two relations to produce a new relation based on matching tuples. It details three types of joins: natural, inner, and outer joins, explaining their functions and providing examples. Additionally, it highlights the potential pitfalls of natural joins and the importance of join conditions and types in preserving data integrity.

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9 views18 pages

Dbms Reference Material 6

The document discusses SQL join operations, which combine two relations to produce a new relation based on matching tuples. It details three types of joins: natural, inner, and outer joins, explaining their functions and providing examples. Additionally, it highlights the potential pitfalls of natural joins and the importance of join conditions and types in preserving data integrity.

Uploaded by

tankalasaiprasanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL contd.

• Joins
Joined Relations
• Join operations take two relations and return as a result another relation.
• A join operation is a Cartesian product which requires that tuples in the two
relations match (under some condition). It also specifies the attributes that are
present in the result of the join
• The join operations are typically used as subquery expressions in the from clause
• Three types of joins:
• Natural join
• Inner join
• Outer join
Natural Join in SQL
• Natural join matches tuples with the same values for all common attributes, and
retains only one copy of each common column.
• List the names of instructors along with the course ID of the courses that they
taught
• select name, course_id
from students, takes
where student.ID = takes.ID;
• Same query in SQL with “natural join” construct
• select name, course_id
from student natural join takes;
Natural Join in SQL (Cont.)
• The from clause can have multiple relations combined using natural join:
select A1, A2, … An
from r1 natural join r2 natural join .. natural join rn
where P ;
Student Relation
Takes Relation
student natural join takes
Dangerous in Natural Join
• Beware of unrelated attributes with same name which get equated incorrectly
• Example -- List the names of students instructors along with the titles of courses
that they have taken
• Correct version
select name, title
from student natural join takes, course
where takes.course_id = course.course_id;
• Incorrect version
select name, title
from student natural join takes natural join course;
• This query omits all (student name, course title) pairs where the
student takes a course in a department other than the student's own
department.
• The correct version (above), correctly outputs such pairs.
Outer Join
• An extension of the join operation that avoids loss of information.
• Computes the join and then adds tuples form one relation that does not match
tuples in the other relation to the result of the join.
• Uses null values.
• Three forms of outer join:
• left outer join
• right outer join
• full outer join
Outer Join Examples
• Relation course

• Relation prereq

• Observe that
course information is missing CS-347
prereq information is missing CS-315
Left Outer Join
• course natural left outer join prereq

 In relational algebra: course ⟕ prereq


Right Outer Join
• course natural right outer join prereq

 In relational algebra: course ⟖ prereq


Full Outer Join
• course natural full outer join prereq

• In relational algebra: course ⟗ prereq


Joined Types and Conditions
• Join operations take two relations and return as a result another relation.
• These additional operations are typically used as subquery expressions in the
from clause
• Join condition – defines which tuples in the two relations match.
• Join type – defines how tuples in each relation that do not match any tuple in
the other relation (based on the join condition) are treated.
Joined Relations – Examples
• course natural right outer join prereq

• course full outer join prereq using (course_id)


Joined Relations – Examples
• course inner join prereq on
course.course_id = prereq.course_id

• What is the difference between the above, and a natural join?


• course left outer join prereq on
course.course_id = prereq.course_id
Joined Relations – Examples
• course natural right outer join prereq

• course full outer join prereq using (course_id)

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