23EEE105:BASIC ELECTRICAL

AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING (3-0-3-4)

Unit II, Lecture

Topic: Electrical Machines
March 22, 2025 1
 Outline

• Objective
• Working Principle of DC Motor
• Back emf and motor torque
• Significance of Back emf
• Types of DC Motors
• Operating Characteristics
• Applications

March 22, 2025 2

 DC Motor – working principle
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a torque
 That is, when a magnetic field and an electric field interact, a
mechanical force is produced.
 The DC motor works on that principle
 The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s Left
Hand Rule
 So the essential requirements are
 A current carrying conductor
 A magnetic field

March 22, 2025 Thevenin equivalent circuit 3

 Torque Generation
 When armature windings are connected
to a DC supply, an electric current sets
up in the winding.
 Armature is placed in the magnetic field
provided by field winding
 current carrying armature conductors
experience a force due to the magnetic
field
 Commutator is made segmented to
achieve unidirectional torque.
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 Torque developed by motor
Torque – turning moment of a force about an axis F
r
Work done by this force in one rev = F x distance moved
N
= F x 2πr joules
Power developed = work done x rev/s = F x 2πr x N/60 J/s where N is rpm
= (F x r) 2πN/60
=Txω where ω = 2πN/60 rad/s

Electrical power developed =

Nm
Hence

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 Torque – flux – armature current
S ∅ 𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸 𝑏=
60 𝐴
∅ 𝑍𝑁𝑃 ∗ 𝐼 𝑎
𝑇 𝑎=9.55
60 𝐴 ∗ 𝑁

∅ 𝑍𝑃 ∗ 𝐼 𝑎
𝑇 𝑎=9.55
60 𝐴

𝑇 𝑎∝ ∅ 𝐼𝑎
March 22, 2025 6
 Back EMF
 When the armature of a motor is rotating,
 the conductors cut the magnetic flux lines
 hence according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, an emf induces in the armature conductors.
 The direction of this induced emf is such that it opposes
the armature current
 Hence called back emf
 presence of the back emf makes a dc motor self-
regulating

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 Significance of Back emf
---- (1)
Where ---- (2)

@ no-load small torque only needed,  is small

When loaded, torque wont be sufficient

Motor slows down until

When load on the motor falls,

Motor accelerates until

Back emf acts like self governor

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 Classification of Motors

DC motors

Self Separately
excited excited

Shunt Series Compound

Cumulatively Differential
compound compound

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 Separately excited dc motor
• Field winding is not electrically connected to armature winding

• Field is excited by an independent external dc supply

𝑽 𝒇 = 𝑰 𝒇 𝑹𝒇
• Field voltage
– is resistance of field winding

• Supply or line voltage is

𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂

– is resistance of armature winding

– is the armature current
– Marchis22,the
2025back emf 10
 DC shunt motor
• Field winding is connected parallel to armature winding
• Shunt field voltage 𝑽 𝒔𝒉 = 𝑰 𝒔𝒉 𝑹 𝒔𝒉

 is resistance of shunt field winding

 is shunt field current

• Line voltage is 𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂

• Or 𝑽 𝒔𝒉 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹 𝒂

• Or 𝑽 =𝑽 𝒔𝒉
-

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 Operating Characteristics
Speed Vs Armature Current Torque Vs Armature Current Speed Vs Torque

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 Applications
• used where constant speed is required and starting conditions are
not severe-moderate torque
• Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Conveyors,
Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines, etc.

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 DC Series motor
• Field winding is connected in series with armature winding
• Series field voltage ==

 is resistance of series field winding

 is series field current,
 is load current, 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰 𝒂 = 𝑰 𝑳
• As the series winding carries full current they have few turns of
thick wire
• Line voltage is 𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 𝑹 𝒔𝒆
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 Operating Characteristics
Speed Vs Armature Current Torque Vs Armature Current Speed Vs Torque

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 Applications
• used where high starting torque is required and variations in speed
are possible
• traction system, cranes, air compressors, Vaccum Cleaner, Sewing
machine, etc.

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 Compound motor
• Combination of few turns of series and few shunt turns

• Shunt field is stronger than series field

• Cumulatively compounded
 series field aids Shunt field

• Differentially compounded
 series field opposes Shunt field

• Long shunt
 Shunt field is parallel to series connection of series field and armature

• Short shunt
 March 22, 2025
Shunt field is parallel to armature alone 17
 Long Shunt dc compound motor
𝑽 𝒔𝒉 = 𝑰 𝒔𝒉 𝑹 𝒔𝒉
• Shunt field voltage

𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 𝑹 𝒔𝒆
• Line voltage is

𝑬 𝒃=𝑰 𝒂 𝑹 𝒂 + 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 𝑹 𝒔𝒆 +𝑽 𝒔𝒉
• Or

𝑽 =𝑽 𝒔𝒉
• Or
𝑰 𝒂= 𝑰 𝒔𝒆= 𝑰 𝑳 − 𝑰 𝒔𝒉

March 22, 2025 18

 Short Shunt dc compound motor

Shunt field voltage 𝑽 𝒔𝒉 = 𝑰 𝒔𝒉 𝑹 𝒔𝒉

Line voltage 𝑽 = 𝑬 𝒃 + 𝑰 𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 𝑹 𝒔𝒆

𝑬 𝒃=𝑰 𝒂 𝑹 𝒂 +𝑽 𝒔𝒉
Or
𝑽 =𝑽 𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰 𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒔𝒆
Or
𝑰 𝒂 ¿ 𝑰 𝑳 − 𝑰 𝒔𝒉

𝑰 𝒂 ¿ 𝑰 𝑳 − 𝑰 𝒔𝒉

March 22, 2025 19

 Operating Characteristics
Torque Vs Armature Current Speed Vs Armature Current Speed Vs Torque

March 22, 2025 20

 Applications
• By compound motor, we get high starting torque and nearly
constant speed. Because of that Compound motors are used where
we require high starting torque and constant speed.
• A compound motor is used in Presses, Shears, Conveyors,
Elevators, Rolling Mills, Heavy Planners, etc.

March 22, 2025 21

 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 1: A d.c. motor operates from a 240 V supply . The armature
resistance is 0.2Ω .Determine the back e.m.f. when the armature current is 50 A

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 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 2:

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 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 3:

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 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 4:
A 4-pole wave wound dc series motor has 944 wave-connected armature
conductors. At a certain load, the flux per pole is 34.6 mWb and the total mechanical
torque developed is 209 N-m. Calculate the line current taken by the motor and the
speed at which it will run with an applied voltage of 500 V. Total motor resistance is
3 ohm.

March 22, 2025 25

 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 5:
• A 120 V DC shunt motor draws a current of 200 A. The armature resistance is
0.02 Ohm, and shunt field resistance of 30 Ohm. • (i). Find the back EMF. • (ii).
If the lap-wound armature has 90 slots with 4 conductors per slot, at what speed
will the motor run, when the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb?

March 22, 2025 26

 Problems on DC Motor
• Example 6:

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 THANK YOU
March 22, 2025 28