Dr.

Manaswita Saikia
[email protected]
 Chapter 1
Java Programming Fundamentals

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
The Origins of Java

• Java is a high-level language conceived by James

Gosling in 1991.
• Initially called “Oak”, but was renamed “Java” in
1995.

• Java syntax is similar to the older languages C &

C++.
• It was not designed to replace C++.

• Original motivation – need for a platform-

independent language for creating s/w to be
embedded in various consumer electronic devices
/ Internet
•Copyright
The©newest version is Java SE 23.
2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Progress Check
• Java is useful for the Internet because it can be used to produce
______ programs
• Java is the direct descendant of what languages?
Java Buzzwords
 Simple
 easy to learn, inherits c/c++ syntax, left out difficult
constructs like pointers, memory management.
 Pure Object oriented Language-
 classes and objects
 Java is case sensitive language-
 variable val is different from Val, VAL, VaL
 Robust-
 Ability to create robust, reliable programs
• Exception handling
• Strictly typed language
( checks for errors at both compile and run time)
• Easy memory management
( automatic deallocation-garbage collection)
Java Buzzwords
 Multi threaded
 write programs that do many things
simultaneously

 Architecture neutral
 compiled java programs will run on variety of
processors using various OSs (The goal- “ Write
once, run any where, any time, forever”)

 Both compiled and interpreted

 enables creation of cross-platform programs
Java Buzzwords
 Dynamic
 Resolves type information at run time

 Distributed
 Designed for distributed environment of internet
because it handles TCP/IP protocol, RMI

 Security
 Execution is confined to JVM
Java and Internet
 Java can be used to create two types of
programs: applications and applets

 An application is a program
 that runs on your computer, under the
operating system of that computer
 An applet is a tiny Java program
 designed to be transmitted over the Internet
 automatically downloaded across the network,
just like an image, sound file, or video clip
 executed by a Java-compatible Web browser
Applets
• Applets
• Allow some functionality to be moved from server
to client like
• display data provided by the server
• handle user inputs
• provide simple functions ( loan
calculator)
that execute locally rather than on server

• Challenges: Introduces security and portability

issues
SECURITY
 Automatic downloading of applets might
contain virus
 malicious code gains unauthorized access to
system resources, passwords, credit card
numbers etc.
 But, when a Java-compatible Web browser
used,
 One can safely download Java applets
without fear of viral infection or malicious
intent
 Java achieves this protection
 by confining a Java program to the Java
execution environment and
Portability
• Portability is the major aspect of Internet
• because many different types of computers and
OSs are connected to it.
• In case of applets,
• must be able to downloaded and must be
executed by wide variety of computers and
OSs.
• Because Java is architecture neutral,
• Java programs are portable.
• They can be run on any platform without being
recompiled.
Java’s solution:

 Execution of bytecode by JVM

 is the easiest way to create portable programs by
implementing java interpreter for each platform.
Java bytecode
 The output of a Java compiler(javac) is
 not executable code ; rather, it is bytecode

 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions

 designed to be executed by the Java run-time system, Java
Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java Virtual Machine(JVM)
A Picture is Worth…
The output of the
compiler is .class
file

The Interpreter's are sometimes referred to as Java Virtual

Machines
15
Java Compilers and the JVM
• Java compilers do not generate machine code for a CPU.
• Java compilers generate machine code for the JVM (Java
Virtual Machine).
• The JVM machine code (called bytecode) is executed by
a JVM interpreter program on each computer.

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
Just –in-time Compiler(JIT)
 When JIT is part of JVM
 Selected portions of bytecode are compiled into executable
code at run time
 On a piece-by-piece, demand basis
 It does not compile an entire java program
 Furthermore, not all sequences of bytecode are compiled
 only those that will benefit from compilation
Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

• a set of programming tools for developing

Java applications:
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
• core classes ( libraries),
• supporting files.
Java Development Kit(JDK)
Progress Check
• What is an applet?
• What is a Java bytecode?
• Which two internet programming problems can be solved using
bytecode?
 The Java Development Kit (JDK)
• To compile and run java programs JDK must be
installed in the m/c, which can be downloaded using
the below link
• www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/
downloads/index.html
• Provide two primary programs
Java compiler: javac
Application launcher or java interpreter :
java
•It runs in the command prompt environment
and use command line tools
First Simple Java Program
/*
This is a simple Java program.
Call this file Example.java.
*/
public class Example {
// A Java program begins with a call to main().
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Java drives the Web.");
}
}

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
• When a class member is preceded by public,
then that member may be accessed by code
outside the class in which it is declared

• The keyword static allows main( ) to be

called without having to instantiate a
particular instance of the class

• The keyword void simply tells the compiler

that main( ) does not return a value
Progress Check
• Where does a Java program begin execution?
• What does System.out.println() do
• What is the name of the java compiler? What do you use to run java
program?
• Why main is declared as public?
• Why main is declared as static?
• If I run a Program in commandline as java Example 1 2 3 what is args[0]?
• What is the command to compile java in commandline?
• Name some primitive data types you studied in java.
• What is bytecode? What extension of file name it has?
• Write a Program to convert 10 gallons to liters.(1Gallon=3.7854l)
A Second Example
class Example2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int var1; // this declares a variable
int var2; // this declares another variable

var1 = 1024; // this assigns 1024 to var1

System.out.println("var1 contains " + var1);

var2 = var1 / 2;
System.out.print("var2 contains var1 / 2: ");
System.out.println(var2);
}
}
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved.
A Third Example
class Example3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int w; // declare an int variable
double x; // declare a floating-point variable

w = 10; // assign w the value 10

x = 10.0; // assign x the value 10.0
System.out.println("Original value of w: " + w);
System.out.println("Original value of x: " + x);
System.out.println(); // print a blank line

// now, divide both by 4

w = w / 4;
x = x / 4;
System.out.println("w after division: " + w);
System.out.println("x after division: " + x);
}
}Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Converting Gallons to Liters
class GalToLit {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double gallons; // holds the number of gallons
double liters; // holds conversion to liters

gallons = 10; // start with 10 gallons

liters = gallons * 3.7854; // convert to liters

System.out.println(gallons + " gallons is " +
liters + " liters.");
}
}

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
The if Statement
• Simplest form:
if ( condition ) statement;

• Example:
if(3 < 4) System.out.println("yes");

• Relational operators:
<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
Example of if Statements
class IfDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a, b;
a = 2;
b = 3;

if(a < b)
System.out.println("a is less than b");

// this won't display anything

if(a == b)
System.out.println("you won't see this");
}
}
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved.
 Code Block
• A list of statements inside braces
• Does not need to end in a semicolon

• Example:
if(w < h) {
v = w*h;
w = 0;
}

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
Comments in Java
• Java supports single line and multi-line
comments very similar to C++.

Example 1
//This is an example of single line comment

Example 2
/*This is my first java program.
This will print 'Hello World‘
as the output
*/
Indentation Practices
• The Java compiler doesn’t care about
indentation.

• Use indentation to make your code more

readable.
• Indent one level for each opening brace and
• move back out after each closing brace.

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

rights reserved.
Progress Check
• How is a block of code created? What does it do?
• In Java statements are terminated by a ____
• All Java statements must start and end on one line. T/F
Java Keywords

abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const

continue default do double else enum extend final finally float

s

for goto if implement impor instanceof int interfac long nativ

s t e e

new package private protected public return short static strictfp super

switch synchronized this throw throw transient try void volatil while
s e

const and goto are reserved but not used.

Java Identifiers
• An identifier is a name given to
• a method, variable, class or other user-defined item.

• Identifiers are one or more characters long.

• The dollar sign($), the underscore(-), any letter of

the alphabet(a-z,A-Z), and any digit(0-9) can be
used in identifiers.

• Should not be a keyword or reserved word

Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
rights reserved.
Java Identifiers
• The first character in an identifier cannot be a
digit.
• e.g. 12a is an invalid identifier

• Java is case sensitive: Upper case and lower

case are different.
• myvar and MyVar are different identifiers.

• Legal identifiers
• Test , x, y2, maxLoad, sample34, $up, _top
Java class Libraries
• A package which gets imported
automatically to all the java programs
• ‘java.lang’

• java.lang’ package has

• many built-in classes and methods ( System
and String classes) and
• println and print methods.
• Different packages for
• I/O , Applets , GUI, Event handling, networking,
multithreading, exception handling etc.
Exercises
• Which of the following variable names is invalid?
• A. count
• B. $count
• C. count27
• D. 67count

• What is wrong with each of the following commands

• javac Example.class
• Java Example.class
Exercises
• Assume x is a variable that is declared as type int. What is wrong
with each of the following statements?
• A. x=3.5;
• B. if(x=3) x=4;
• C. x= “34”