SCRATCH PROGRAMMING (Introduction)

LOWER SECONDARY
Scratch Programming

What is Scratch?

 Scratch is a block-based
programming language that
allows us to create animations,
games, and interactive stories.
 It helps us learn coding logic
without typing complex code.
Understanding the Scratch
Interface
How to Open Scratch

 Go www.scratch.mit.edu
 Click Create to start a new
project.
Scratch Interface

Scratch interface

 Stage – The area where the sprites (characters)

perform actions.
 Sprites – Characters or objects in Scratch that can be
programmed.
 Blocks Palette – Contains different categories of
blocks to control sprites.
 Script Area – The workspace where you arrange
blocks to create programs.
 Green Flag – Starts the program.
 Stop Button – Stops the program.
Scratch Blocks
Types of Blocks in Scratch

 Motion Blocks – Move and control sprites (e.g., move 10 steps, turn 15
degrees).
 Looks Blocks – Change appearance (e.g., say “Hello”, change
costume).
 Sound Blocks – Play sounds (e.g., play a sound, change volume).
 Events Blocks – Start actions (e.g., when green flag clicked, when key
pressed).
 Control Blocks – Repeat or wait (e.g., repeat 10 times, wait 1 second).
 Sensing Blocks – Detect changes (e.g., touching a color, mouse
position).
 Operators Blocks – Perform calculations (e.g., add, subtract, compare
values).
 Variables Blocks – Store values and data (e.g., score, player name).
Motion Block

Move and turn

 Move 10 Steps: Moves the sprite forward 10

steps in its current direction.
 Turn 15 Degrees: Rotates the sprite 15 degrees
to change its orientation.
 Turn 15 Degrees: Rotates the sprite another 15
degrees, further adjusting its direction.
Motion Block

Change position/spot
 Go to Random Position: Moves the
sprite instantly to a random spot on the
stage.

 Go to x: 48 y: 59: Moves the sprite

instantly to the coordinates (48, 59).

 Glide 1 secs to Random Position:

Smoothly moves the sprite to a random
position over 1 second.

 Glide 1 secs to x: 48 y: 59: Smoothly

moves the sprite to (48, 59) over 1
second.
Motion Block

Point in Direction

 Point in Direction 90: Sets the sprite to face

90 degrees (right).

 Point Towards Mouse-Pointer: Makes the

sprite face the mouse-pointer's current position.
Motion Block

Change sprite positions

 Change x by 10: Moves the sprite 10 units

horizontally to the right.

 Set x to 48: Positions the sprite at x-coordinate

48.

 Change y by 10: Moves the sprite 10 units

vertically upwards.

 Set y to 59: Positions the sprite at y-coordinate

59.
Motion Block

If on Edge, Bounce:

 Function: Makes the sprite bounce back

when it reaches the edge of the stage,
reversing its direction.

 Usage: Useful for keeping the sprite

within the visible area of the stage, often
used in animations and games.
Motion Block

Set Rotation Style Left-Right

 Function: Restricts the sprite's rotation to

only left and right, preventing it from
rotating upside down.

 Usage: Useful for sprites that should only

face left or right, such as characters in a
platformer game.
Motion Block

Positions

 x position: Reports the sprite's current

horizontal (x) coordinate.

 y position: Reports the sprite's current vertical

(y) coordinate.

 direction: Reports the sprite's current facing

direction in degrees.
Looks Block

Say (Output)

 Say "Hello!" for 2 seconds: Displays "Hello!"

in a speech bubble for 2 seconds.

 Say "Hello!": Displays "Hello!" in a speech

bubble until changed.

 Think "Hmm..." for 2 seconds: Displays

"Hmm..." in a thought bubble for 2 seconds.

 Think "Hmm...": Displays "Hmm..." in a

thought bubble until changed.
Looks Block

Switch costume & Backdrop

 Switch Costume to Costume2: Changes the

sprite's appearance to "Costume2".

 Next Costume: Cycles the sprite to the next

costume in its list.

 Switch Backdrop to Backdrop1: Changes the

stage background to "Backdrop1".

 Next Backdrop: Cycles the stage to the next

backdrop in its list.
Looks Block

Change sprite size

 Change Size by 10: Adjusts the sprite's size by

10%.

 Set Size to 100%: Resets the sprite's size to its

original 100%.
Looks Block

Change Sprite color and Graphics effects

Looks Block

Show and Hide Sprite

 Show: Makes the sprite visible on the stage.

 Hide: Makes the sprite invisible on the stage.

Looks Block

Move the Sprite between layers

 Go to Front Layer: Moves the sprite to the top

layer.

 Go Forward 1 Layer: Moves the sprite one

layer forward.
Looks Block

Costume & Backdrop number and sizes

 Costume Number: Reports the sprite's current

costume number.

 Backdrop Number: Reports the stage's current

backdrop number.

 Size: Reports the sprite's current size as a

percentage.
Sound Block

Play, Start and Stop Sound

 Play Sound "Meow" Until Done: Plays

"Meow" and waits for it to finish.

 Start Sound "Meow": Plays "Meow" without

waiting.

 Stop All Sounds: Stops all currently playing

sounds.
Sound Block

Change/set pitch and clear sound effects

 Change Pitch Effect by 10: Adjusts the

sound's pitch by 10.

 Set Pitch Effect to 100: Sets the sound's pitch

to 100.

 Clear Sound Effects: Resets all sound effects

to their original state.
Sound Block

Change and set the volume

 Change Volume by -10: Lowers the volume by

10%.

 Set Volume to 100%: Sets the volume to

100%.

 Volume: Reports the current volume level.

Event Block

Start an action

 When Clicked: Starts the script when the green

flag is clicked.

 When Space Key Pressed: Starts the script

when the space key is pressed.

 When This Sprite Clicked: Starts the script

when the sprite is clicked.

 When Backdrop Switches to Backdrop1:

Starts the script when the backdrop changes to
Event Block

Loudness

 Function: Starts the script when the

detected loudness (from a microphone) is
greater than 10.

 Usage: Useful for creating interactive

projects that respond to sound levels, such
as clap detection or voice-activated actions.
 Event Block

Broadcast

Broadcast is a way for one sprite to send a message to other sprites,

allowing them to trigger specific actions when they receive that
message

 When I Receive Message1: Starts the script

when "Message1" is received.

 Broadcast Message1: Sends "Message1" to all

sprites without waiting.

 Broadcast Message1 and Wait: Sends

"Message1" and waits for all scripts to finish.
Control Block

Wait

 Function: Pauses the script for 1 second

before continuing to the next block.

 Usage: Useful for creating delays or timing

events in animations, games, or other
projects.
Control Block

Loops: Repeat & repeat forever

 Repeat 10: Repeats the enclosed blocks 10

times.

 Forever: Continuously repeats the enclosed

blocks indefinitely.
Control Block

If then & If else

 If [Condition] Then: Executes enclosed blocks

if the condition is true.

 If [Condition] Then Else: Executes one set of

blocks if true, another if false.
Control Block

Wait/Repeat until

 Wait Until [Condition]: Pauses the script until

the condition is true.

 Repeat Until [Condition]: Repeats the

enclosed blocks until the condition is true.
Control Block

Stop all

 Stop All: Stops all scripts in the project, halting

all actions and animations.

 Usage: Useful for immediately ending all

activity in a project, such as in games or
interactive stories.
Control Block

A clone is a copy of a sprite that is created while the program

is running. Clones allow you to create multiple copies of a
sprite dynamically without manually duplicating them in the
editor.

 When I Start as a Clone: Triggers when a

clone is created.

 Create Clone of Myself: Creates a clone of the

sprite.

 Delete This Clone: Removes the current clone.

Sensing Blocks

Touching and Distance

 Touching Mouse-Pointer?: Checks if the sprite

is touching the mouse-pointer.

 Touching Color?: Checks if the sprite is

touching a specific color.

 Color is Touching?: Checks if a specific color

on the sprite is touching another color.

 Distance to Mouse-Pointer: Reports the

distance between the sprite and the mouse-
pointer.
Sensing
Blocks
In Scratch, the "ask [ ] and wait" block lets a sprite ask a question
and wait for user input. The response is stored in the "answer" block.

 Ask "What's your name?" and Wait:

Prompts the user for input and waits for a
response.

 Answer: Reports the user's response to

the most recent "ask" command.
Sensing Blocks

 Key Space Pressed?: Checks if the space key

is pressed.

 Mouse Down?: Checks if the mouse button is

pressed.

 Mouse X: Reports the mouse's current x-

coordinate.

 Mouse Y: Reports the mouse's current y-

coordinate.
Sensing Blocks

Set Drag Mode Draggable/Not draggable:

 Function: Makes the sprite draggable,

allowing it to be moved around the stage
with the mouse.

 Usage: Useful for creating interactive

elements that users can drag and drop.
Sensing Blocks

Timer

 Timer: Reports the elapsed time in seconds

since the last reset.

 Reset Timer: Resets the timer to zero.

Sensing Blocks

Timer

 Loudness: Reports the current loudness level

(0-100) detected by the microphone.

 Usage: Useful for creating projects that respond

to sound, such as clap detection or voice-
controlled actions.
Operators Blocks

Arithmetic Operators

 5 + 10: Adds 5 and 10 to get 15.

 10 - 5: Subtracts 5 from 10 to get 5.

 6 * 4: Multiplies 6 by 4 to get 24.

 4 / 2: Divides 4 by 2 to get 2.
Operators Blocks

Pick a Random number

 Function: Generates a random number

between 1 and 10, inclusive.

 Usage: Useful for introducing randomness

in games, simulations, or other projects.
Operators Blocks

Comparative Operators

 > (Greater Than): Checks if the left value is

greater than the right value.

 < (Less Than): Checks if the left value is less

than the right value.

 = (Equal To): Checks if the two values are

equal.