Chapter 5: The First Law of
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
(5.35/5.34) A 100-L rigid tank contains nitrogen
(N2) at 900 K, 3 MPa. The tank is now cooled to
100 K. What are the work and heat transfer for
this process?
C.V. : Nitrogen in tank. m2 m1
Energy equation : m(u2 u1 ) 1Q2 1W2
V
Process : V constant v2 v1 and 1W2 0
m
State 1: T1 900 K, P1 3 MPa superheated
3
Table B.6.2 : v1 0.090 m /kg, u1 691.7 kJ/kg
Engineering Thermodynamics
V 0.1 m3
m 3
1.111kg
v1 0.090 m /kg
State 2: T2 100 K, v2 v1 0.090 m3 /kg v g @100K
superheated
look in Table B.6.2 at 100 K
200kPa : v 0.1425 m3 /kg, u 71.73 kJ/kg
400kPa : v 0.06806 m3 /kg, u 69.30 kJ/kg
interpolation gives : P2 341kPa , u2 70.0 kJ/kg
Engineering Thermodynamics
1 Q2 m(u2 u1 ) 1W2
1.111 kg 70.0 691.7 kJ/kg 0
= 690.7 kJ
Engineering Thermodynamics
(5.37/5.39) A cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston contains 2 kg of superheated refrigerant
R-134a vapor at 350 kPa, 100 oC. The cylinder is
now cooled so the R-134a remains at constant
pressure until it reaches a quality of 75%.
Calculate the heat transfer in the process
C.V: R-134a, m2 m1 m
Energy Eqn.: m(u2 u1 ) 1 Q2 1W2
Process: P = Constant => 1W2 PdV PV Pm(v2 v1 )
Energy Eqn.: m(u2 u1 ) 1 Q2 Pm(v2 v1 )
1 Q2 m([u2 P2 v2 ] [u1 Pv
1 1 ]) m( h2 h1 )
Engineering Thermodynamics
State 1: m 2 kg, P1 350 kPa, T1 100 0C Superheated
B.5.2 300 kPa@1000C P1 350 kPa 400 kPa@1000C
490.48 489.52
h1 490 kJ/kg
2
State 2: P2 P1 350 kPa, x2 0.75
B.5.1 h2 206.75 0.75 194.57 352.7 kJ/kg
1 Q2 m(h2 h1 ) 2 (352.7 490) 274.6 kJ
Engineering Thermodynamics
(5.48/5.46) A water-filled reactor with volume of
1 m3 is at 20 MPa, 3600C and placed inside a
containment room. The room is well insulated and
initially evacuated. Due to a failure, the reactor
ruptures and water fills the containment room. Find
the minimum room volume, so the final Pressure
does not exceed 200 kPa.
C.V.: Containment room + reactor
Energy Eqn.: m(u2 u1 ) 1 Q2 1W2 0
Engineering Thermodynamics 10
State 1: P1 20000 kPa, T1 360o C
Compressed Liquid: P Psat , T Tsat
Vreactor 1
Mass: m 3
548.5 kg
v1 0.001823 m /kg
Energy Eqn.: m(u2 u1 ) 1 Q2 1W2 0 u2 u1
u1 1702.8 kJ/kg u2
State 2: P2 200 kPa , u2 u g => 2-Phase
u2 u f 1702.8 504.47
x2 = 0.59176
u fg 2025.02
v2 0.001061 0.59176 0.88467 0.52457 m 3 /kg
V2 m2 v2 548.5 0.52457 287.7 m3
Engineering Thermodynamics 11
(5.57/5.51) A cylinder having a piston restrained by
a linear spring (of spring constant 15 kN/m)
contains 0.5 kg of saturated vapor water at 120°C,
as shown in Fig. Heat is transferred to the water,
causing the piston to rise. If the piston cross-
sectional area is 0.05 m2, and the pressure varies
linearly with volume until a final pressure of 500
kPa is reached. Find the final temperature in the
cylinder and the heat transfer for the process.
Engineering Thermodynamics
C.V. Water in cylinder.
Continuity: m2 = m1 = m ;
Energy : m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2
State 1: 120oC, saturated vapor
Table B.1.1(page 674 )
=> v1 = 0.89186 m3/kg, u1 = 2529.24 kJ/kg
Process: P2 = P1 + ksm/Ap2 (v2 - v1)
State 2: P2 = 500 kPa
500 kPa = 198.5+15 × 0.5/(0.05)2 (v2 - 0.89186)
v = 0.9924 m3/kg
2
Engineering Thermodynamics
Table B.1.3 => T2 = 803°C; u2 = 3668 kJ/kg
W12 = ⌠ PdV = ((P1 + P2)/2) m(v2 - v1)
= ((198.5 + 500)/2) × 0.5 × (0.9924 -
0.89186)
= 17.56 kJ
1Q2 = m(u2 - u1) + 1W2
= 0.5 × (3668 - 2529.2) + 17.56 = 587 kJ
Engineering Thermodynamics
