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lecture 3

The document provides an overview of chain surveying, a method used in land surveying that involves measuring the sides of triangles directly in the field without angular measurements. It outlines key concepts such as survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and offsets, along with their purposes and procedures for measuring areas. Additionally, it discusses the selection of survey stations and the importance of well-conditioned triangles for accuracy in measurements.

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syedraziq58
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10 views

lecture 3

The document provides an overview of chain surveying, a method used in land surveying that involves measuring the sides of triangles directly in the field without angular measurements. It outlines key concepts such as survey stations, base lines, check lines, tie lines, and offsets, along with their purposes and procedures for measuring areas. Additionally, it discusses the selection of survey stations and the importance of well-conditioned triangles for accuracy in measurements.

Uploaded by

syedraziq58
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying

-I
Chain Survey
Lecture - 3
Contents
• Land Surveying
• Method of Land Surveying
• Chain Surveying
• Survey Station
• Selection Of Survey Station
• Base Line
• Check Line
• Tie Line
• Offsets
• Taking Offset
Cont Contents..
• Short offset
• Long offset
• How to take Offsets to different object
• Locating Building
• Instruments For Setting-Out Right Angles
• Right Angle with Chain Or Tape
• Obstacles In Chaining
• Examples
Land Surveying
 Purpose of Land Surveying

• To Secure data for exact description of the boundary.


• To determine its area.
• To Secure Necessary data for making a plan.
• To re-establish the boundaries.
• To divide a piece of land into a number of units.
Method of Land Surveying
 • Two general methods
Chain Triangulation Or Chain
Surveying
• It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are
measured directly in the field and NO angular measurement are Taken.
• The simplest kind of Surveying
• When Level of accuracy required is not high.
• Suitable when
• Ground is fairly level and simple
• Plans are required on large scale e.g fields
• Area is small in extent.
• Not Suitable
• For Large Area.
• Too many details.
• Wooded countries
• Undulating areas
Chain Surveying
• Principle of chain survey is Triangulation
• Since the triangle is a simple plane geometrical figure, it can be
plotted from the measured length of its sides alone.
• In chain surveying, a NETWORK of TRIANGLES is preferred.

• Preferably all the sides of a triangle should be nearly equal having


each angle nearly 60 to ensure minimum distortion due to errors in
measurement of sides and plotting.

• Generally such an ideal condition is not practical always. Usually


attempt should be made to have WELLCONDITIONED TRIANGLES in
which no angle is smaller than 30 and no angle is greater than 120.
MEASUREMENT OF AREA BY CHAIN
TRIANGULATION
• PROCEDURE:
» Let ABCDE be the given field whose
area is to be measured, fix the pegs at A,
B, C, D & E.
» Divide area into three triangles ADE,
ABD and BCD by joining AD and BD.
» Measure the lengths AB, BC , CD, DE,
EA, AD and BD.
» Calculate the area of the triangles.
» The sum of the areas of the three
triangles is the area of the given field.
• RESULT:
The area of the given field = _______
Survey Station

 • Survey Stations is a point of importance at the beginning and end of


chain line.
 • Two kinds
Survey Station
Selection Of Survey Station
The following points should be kept in mind while selecting a station:
• Should be mutually visible.
• Main principle should b strictly observed
• If possible, line through the whole length of area should b drawn
• All triangles well defined
• A check line should provided each triangle
• Survey lines should be as few.
Selection Of Survey Station
• A number of tie lines should be drawn
• Position of survey lines should be such that to avoid obstacles to chaining
and ranging
• It should be on level ground
• The sides of triangle should pass as close to the boundary as possible.
Selection Of Survey Station
Base Line
• The longest and important of the chain lines used in making a survey
is generally regarded as Base line.
• Most important line.
• It fixes up direction of all other lines, as on base line, is built framework
of a survey.
• Should be laid on level ground , as possible through the center and
length of the area.
• Should be correctly measured and should be measured twice or thrice.
Check Line
• A check line also called proof line, is a line joining the apex of a
triangle to some fixed point on the opposite side.

• A check line is measured to check the accuracy of the framework.

• Thus there is a complete check on the field measurement as well as on


the accuracy of the plotting work.
Tie Line

• A tie line is a line joining fixed points termed as Tie station on the main
survey lines.

• A tie line usually fulfill a dual purpose i.e it checks the accuracy of the
framework and enables the surveyor to locate the interior details which
are far away from the main chain line
Offsets

• The Lateral Distance to locate the object /detail to left or right of the
Main survey line is known as Offset.
• To Locate Position of details such as boundary,
building tree, river etc.

• There are Two kinds of Offsets


1. Perpendicular / Right angled Offset
2. Oblique Offset/ Tie line Offset
Taking Offset

• For every offset we need two measurement


• 1. Distance along the chain
line is called Chainage (Ap)
• 2. The length of Offset (pP).

• The follower will hold the


zero end and will swing it
along the chain line until he
got the least reading which
will be the foot of
perpendicular offset
Short offset

• The offset are called short when they are less than 15m in length and
long when their length exceeds 15m.

• When offsets are short the perpendicular direction is judged by eye


only.
• Offset should be as short as possible because they are less liable to
error due to incorrect length of tape or incorrect direction.

• Short offset can be measured quickly and accurate.


Long Offset
• Where much accuracy is desired the long
offset should be as far as possible be avoided.
• They can be avoided by arranging the main
survey line or by running subsidiary lines from
the main lines.
• Example Nala.
• CE and DE are subsidiary lines
• eE is check line

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