CCN

LECTURE
W1L2
OUTLINE
Networks Topology
Ring
Bus
Mesh
Hybrid

Network Types
Pan
Lan
Can
Man
Internet Standards
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGY
Computer network topology is the way various
components of a network (like nodes, links, peripherals,
etc) are arranged. Network topologies define the layout,
virtual shape, or structure of the network, not only
physically but also logically. The way in which different
systems and nodes are connected and communicate with
each other is determined by the topology of the network.
TOPOLOGY CAN BE PHYSICAL OR LOGICAL

Physical Topology is the physical layout of nodes, workstations,

and cables in the network.
Logical topology is the way information flows between different
components.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES
ADVANTAGES OF ROBUST: strong,
MESH TOPOLOGY resilient, and
Each dedicated link carries its own data load(less traffic issues)
capable of
withstanding
Robust. challenges or
Privacy Security. adversity.

Uses Point-to-Point which helps in fault identification and fault

isolation.
Disadvantages:
Amount of cabling and no of I/O ports required.
Installation and reconnection is very difficult.
Requirement of wiring my be greater than the available space.
Conclusion:
Mesh is always implemented in limited fashion.
Can be used as a backup for hybrid topology
STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages of star topology:
Less expensive as compared to mesh.
Each device needs only one link and one I/O port.
Easy to install and reconfigure.
Robustness in terms of links failures
Easy fault isolation and fault detection as far as hub is
working.
Disadvantage:
Dependency of whole topology on one single point i.e hub
A little more cabeling required in star when compared to
ring or bus
Usually used in LANS.
BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages:
Ease of installation.
Uses of less cables
Network Types
A computer network is a cluster of computers over a
shared communication path that works to share
resources from one computer to another, provided by
or located on the network nodes. In this article, we
will discuss computer networks and their types.
Personal Area Network (PAN)
PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a type of network
designed to connect devices within a short range, typically around one
person.
It allows your personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and
wearables, to communicate and share data with each other. PAN offers a
network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to device providing
communication.
Its transmission speed is very high with very easy maintenance and very low
cost.
This uses Bluetooth, IrDA (Remote controls for TVs and ACs
Old mobile phone file transfers),USB.
Types of PAN

•Wireless Personal Area Networks: Wireless Personal Area Networks are created
by simply utilising wireless technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth. It is a low-range
network.

•Wired Personal Area Network: A wired personal area network is constructed using
a USB.

Advantages of PAN

•PAN is relatively flexible and provides high efficiency for short network ranges.

•It needs easy setup and relatively low cost.

•It does not require frequent installations and maintenance,It is easy and
portable.Needs fewer technical skills to use.

Disadvantages of PAN

•Low network coverage area/range.Limited to relatively low data rates.Devices are not
compatible with each other.
Local Area Network (LAN)
• LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a
computer network that connects computers through a
common communication path, contained within a limited
area, that is, locally.
• A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected
over a server/network.
• The two important technologies involved in this network
are Ethernet and Wi-fi.
• It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with
easy maintenance and low cost.
• Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library,
laboratory, college, office, etc.
LANs come in several different configurations. The most common
are switched LANs and wireless LANs.
The most common switched LAN is a switched Ethernet LAN, which
may consist of a single switch with several attached devices, or
several interconnected switches.
Task:
Install CISCO packet tracer from the given link
https://www.filehorse.com/download-cisco-packet-tracer-64/downlo
ad/#google_vignette

Create an account and start your first project of setting up a LAN

through wired cable using the link given below.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kP-pGXY-fMw
Advantages of a LAN
•Privacy: LAN is a private network; thus, no outside regulatory body
controls it, giving it privacy.
•High Speed: LAN offers a much higher speed(around 100 Mbps) and data
transfer rate comparatively to WAN.
•Supports different transmission mediums: LAN supports a variety of
communications transmission mediums such as an Ethernet cable, fiber,
and wireless transmission.
•Inexpensive and Simple: A LAN usually has low cost, installation,
expansion and maintenance and LAN installation is relatively easy to use,
good scalability.
Disadvantages of LAN
•The initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks is high because
there is special software required to make a server(incase).
•Communication devices like ethernet cable, switches, hubs, routers,
cables are costly.
•LAN administrator can see and check personal data files as well as
Internet history of every LAN user. Hence, the privacy of the users are
violated
•LANs are restricted in size and cover only a limited area
Campus Area Network (CAN)
• CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN.
This is a type of computer network that is usually
used in places like a school or colleges.
• This network covers a limited geographical area
that is, it spreads across several buildings within
the campus.
• CAN mainly use Ethernet technology with a range
from 1km to 5km.
• Its transmission speed is very high with a moderate
maintenance cost and moderate cost.
• Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools,
colleges, buildings, etc.
LAN CAN
Advantages of CAN
•Speed: Communication within a CAN takes place over a Local
Area Network (LAN) so the data transfer rate between systems
is a little bit faster than the Internet.
•Security: Network administrators on campus take care of the
network by continuously monitoring, tracking, and limiting
access. To protect the network from unauthorized access
firewall is placed between the network and the internet.
•Cost effective: With a little effort and maintenance, network
works well by providing a fast data transfer rate with multi-
departmental network access. It can be enabled wirelessly,
where wiring and cabling costs can be managed. So to work
with in a campus using CAN is cost-effective in view of
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.

This is the type of computer network that connects
computers over a geographical distance through a
shared communication path over a city, town, or
metropolitan area. Its transmission speed is average.
It is difficult to maintain and it comes with a high
cost.

Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a

single large city, a large area within multiple
buildings, etc.
Advantages of MAN
•MAN offers high-speed connectivity in which the speed ranges from 10-100 Mbps.
•The security level in MAN is high and strict as compared to WAN.
•It supports to transmit data in both directions concurrently because of dual bus
architecture.
•MAN can serve multiple users at a time with the same high-speed internet to all the users.
•MAN allows for centralized management and control of the network, making it easier to
monitor and manage network resources and security.
Disadvantages of MAN
•The architecture of MAN is quite complicated hence, it is hard to design and maintain.
•This network is highly expensive because it required a high cost to set up fiber optics.
•It provides less fault tolerance.
•The Data transfer rate in MAN is low when compared to LANs.
Traditionally, WANs have been implemented using one of two technologies:
circuit switching and packet switching. More recently, frame relay and ATM networks have assumed
major roles.
Circuit Switching In a circuit-switching network, a dedicated communications path is
established between two stations through the nodes of the network. That path is a connected sequence
of physical links between nodes. On each link, a logical channel is dedicated to the connection. Data
generated by the source station are transmitted along the dedicated path as rapidly as possible. At each
node, incoming data are routed or switched to the appropriate outgoing channel without delay.The
most common example of circuit switching is the telephone network.
Packet Switching A quite different approach is used in a packet-switching network. In this
case, it is not necessary to dedicate transmission capacity along a path through the network. Rather,
data are sent out in a sequence of small chunks, called packets. Each packet is passed through the
network from node to node alongnsome path leading from source to destination. At each node, the
entire packet is received, stored briefly, and then transmitted to the next node. Packet-switching
networks are commonly used for terminal-to-computer and computer-to-computer communications.
COMPARISON
To connect these three locations, the
company leases a switched WAN
from a service provider (such as a
telecom company). This WAN acts as
a backbone network linking the two
LANs and the president’s home.
How It Works
•A switched WAN (such as an MPLS
or ATM network) is provided by a
telecom provider.
•To connect each LAN and the
president’s computer to the switched
WAN, three point-to-point WAN
connections are established.
•These point-to-point WANs use high-
speed DSL or cable modem lines
from an Internet Service Provider
INTERNET
•Well structured and organised system.
•The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers
and other devices that use standardized communication
protocols to exchange data and information. It allows users to
access a vast array of resources and services, including
websites, email, social media, online streaming, and more.
 TASK

If there are ‘N’ devices (nodes) in a network, what is the number of cable links
required for a fully connected mesh and a star topology respectively?
(A) N(N-1)/2 , N-1
(B) N , N-1
(C) N-1 , N
(D) N-1 , N(N-1)/2

Solution: Every node in a fully connected mesh topology should be connected to

every other node, thus there will be = N (N − 1) / 2 links.

while in star topology every device is connected with the central hub, so N-1 links.
Hence option (A) is correct.
In a network of 10 devices using a full mesh
topology, how many links are required?
(A) 10
(B) 45
(C) 100
(D) 90