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Introduction To The Statistical Concepts

The document provides an introduction to statistical concepts, defining statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions. It discusses the importance and limitations of statistics, differentiates between descriptive and inferential statistics, and explains various types of variables and levels of measurement. Additionally, it outlines the statistical process, including identifying research objectives, collecting data, organizing information, and drawing conclusions.

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32 views48 pages

Introduction To The Statistical Concepts

The document provides an introduction to statistical concepts, defining statistics as the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions. It discusses the importance and limitations of statistics, differentiates between descriptive and inferential statistics, and explains various types of variables and levels of measurement. Additionally, it outlines the statistical process, including identifying research objectives, collecting data, organizing information, and drawing conclusions.

Uploaded by

honeyxoxo1208
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction To

The Statistical
Concepts
Objectives
• Define statistics.
• Enumerate the importance and limitations of statistics.
• Explain the process of statistics.
• Know the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.
• Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables.
• Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.
• Determine the level of measurement of variables.
“
STATISTICS?

3
Definition of Statistics

STATISTICS is the science of collecting,


organizing, summarizing and analyzing
information to draw conclusions or
answer questions.
Definition of Statistics

1. Collection of information.
2. Organization and summarization of information.
3. Information is analyzed to draw conclusions or
answer specific questions.
4. Results should be reported using some measure
that represents how convinced we are that our
conclusions reflect reality.
Importance of
Statistics
Importance of Statistics

It enables people to make


decisions based on Provides us with
empirical evidence. tools needed to
convert massive
data into pertinent
Provides us information that can
information that we be used in decision
can used to make making.
sensible decision.
DATA

DATA are factual information


used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation.
Field of
Statistics
Field of Statistics
Mathematical Statistics
- The study and development of statistical
theory and methods in the abstract.
Applied Statistics
- The application of statistical methods to solve
real problems involving randomly generated
data and the development of new statistical
methodology motivated by real problems.
Limitation of
Statistics
Limitation of Statistics
1. Statistics is not suitable to
the study of qualitative
phenomenon. 4. Statistics table may
be misused.

2. Statistics does not


study individuals. 5. Statistics is only,
one of the methods of
3. Statistical laws are studying a problem.
not exact.
Process of
Statistics
Process of Statistics
1. Identify the research objective
- A researcher must determine the
question(s) he or she wants to
answered. The question(s) must
clearly identify the population that
is to be studied.
Process of Statistics
2. Collect the information needed to answer
the questions.
- Conducting research on an entire
population is often difficult and
expensive, so we typically look at a
sample.
EXAMPLE
The Philippine Mental Health Associations contacts
1, 028 teenagers who are 13 to 17 years of age and live
in Laoag City and asked whether or not they had been
prescribed medications for any mental disorders, such
as depression or anxiety.
Population: Sample:
Teenagers 13 to 17 1, 028 teenagers 13
years of age who live in to 17 years of age who
Laoag City. live in Laoag City.
EXAMPLE
A farmer wanted to learn about the weight
of his corn crop. He randomly sampled 100
plants and weighted the corn on each plant.

Population: Sample:
Entire corn crop 100 selected
corn crop
Process of Statistics
3. Organize and summarize the
information
- Descriptive statistics allow the
researcher to obtain an overview of the
data and can help determine the type of
statistical methods the research should
use.
Process of Statistics

4. Draw conclusion from the information

- Information collected from the sample


is generalized to the population.
- Inferential statistics uses methods.
Take Note!

If the entire population is


studied, then inferential
statistics is not necessary,
because descriptive statistics
will provide all the information
that we need regarding the
EXAMPLE

1. A badminton player wants to


know his average score for the
past 10 games.
EXAMPLE

2. A car manufacturer wishes to


estimate the average lifetime of
batteries by testing a sample of
50 batteries.
EXAMPLE

3. Janine wants to determine the


variability of her six exam
scores in Algebra.
EXAMPLE

4. A politician wants to
determine the total number of
votes his rival obtained in the
past election based on his
copies of the tally sheet of
electoral returns.
EXAMPLE
5. A shipping company wishes
to estimate the number of
passengers traveling via their
ships next year using their data
on the number of passengers in
the past three years.
Distinction Between
Qualitative and
Quantitative
Variables
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

Variables
- Characteristics of the
individuals within the
population.
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

Qualitative Variable
- is variable that yields
categorical responses. It is a
word or a code that
represents a class or
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

Quantitative Variable
- takes on numerical
values representing an
amount or quantity.
EXAMPLE

1. Hair Color
2. Temperature
3. Stages of Breast Cancer
4. Number of Hamburger Sold
EXAMPLE

5. Number of Children
6. Zip Code
7. Place of Birth
8. Degree of Pain
Distinction Between
Discrete and
Continuous
Discrete and Continuous

Discrete Variable
- is a quantitative variable
that either a finite number of
possible values or a
countable number of
Discrete and Continuous

Continuous Variable
- is a quantitative variable
that has an infinite number
of possible values that are
not countable.
EXAMPLE

1. The number of heads obtained after flipping


a coin five times.
2. The number of cars that arrive at a
McDonald’s drive-through between 12:00 P.M.
and 1:00 P.M.
3. The distance of a 2005 Toyota Car can
travel in city conditions with a full tank of gas.
EXAMPLE

4. Number of words correctly


spelled.

5. Time of a runner to finish one


lap.
Levels of
Measurement
Levels of Measurement

Ratio
Quantitative
Interval
Ordinal
Qualitative
Nominal
Levels of Measurement

Nominal
- They are sometimes called
categorical scales or categorical data.
Such a scale classifies persons or objects
into two or more categories.
Example
Nominal

Method of Payment
Type of School
Eye Color
Levels of Measurement
Ordinal
- This involves data that may be
arranged in some order, but differences
between data values either cannot be
determined or meaningless.
Example
Ordinal
Food Preferences
Stage of Diseases
Social Economic Class
Severity of Pain
Levels of Measurement

Interval
- This is a measurement level not only
classifies and orders the measurement, but it also
specifies that the distances between each interval
on the scale are equivalent along the scale from
low interval to high interval.
Example
Interval
• Temperature on Fahrenheit/Celsius
Thermometer

• Trait Anxiety

• IQ
Levels of Measurement
Ratio
- A ratio scale represents the highest, most
precise, level of measurement. It has the
properties of the interval level of measurement
and the ratios of the values of the variable have
meaning.
Example
Ratio

• Height and Weight


• Time
• Time until death
Addition/ Multiplication/
Scales Counting Ranking Subtraction Division

Nominal √
Ordinal √ √
Interval √ √ √
Ratio √ √ √ √

Levels of Measurement
Example
1. Ranking of college athletic teams.
2. Employee number.
3. Number of vehicles registered.
4. Brands of soft drinks.
5. Number of car passers along C5 on a given
day.

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