Advanced Computer
Architecture
Lecture 1
Introduction
Course Information
• Instructor:
Dr. Tariq Shahzad
• Office:
Faculty Room# 2.6 (A-Block)
• E-mail: [email protected]
Course Information (cont.)
• Textbook(s):
o David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, Computer
Organization and Architecture: The Hardware and
Software interface, 4th Edition, Morgan Kaufmann.
o David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, Computer
Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th Edition,
Morgan Kaufmann.
Course Content
Introduction to Computer Architecture
Brief History of Computers and Generations.
CPU and instruction execution, Register
organization, Performance Assessment
Amdahl’s law.
Computer Arithmetic: Signed and unsigned
numbers, Addition and subtraction, Multiplication,
Division.
Course Content (cont.)
Instructions: Introduction of instructions, Examples
of intel x86 and MIPS ISA, I/o basics, Common
data types, Addressing modes, Operands,
Registers, Memory address, MIPS and ARM
processor instructions.
RISC vs. CISC.
Processor : arithmetic instruction, load store
instruction, branch instruction, Identify Control
Signal, Interconnect Data path and Design.
Course Content (cont.)
Exceptions and interrupts.
Characteristics of Memory systems, The
memory hierarchy, Cache memory principles,
locality of Reference, Cache Design, Mapping
Function, Replacement Algorithm, virtual
memory.
Introduction of Pipelining, Pipelining graphical
representation, Pipelining Hazards, Structural
Hazards, Data Hazards, Control Hazards.
Branch handling.
Objective
TO Learn
How Computer Works, Basic Principles
How to analyze their Performance
How Computers are designed and built
Issues affecting modern processors
(Cache, Pipelines etc)
1. Computer systems basic
concepts
2. Computer architecture
Definitions and concepts
3. Computer organization and
architecture Difference
Computer Revolution
Third revolution for civilization
Each time the cost of computing improves by another
factor of 10, the opportunities for computers multiply.
Applications that were economically infeasible suddenly
become practical
Computers in automobiles: Until microprocessors
improved dramatically in price and performance in the
early 1980s.Today, computers
◦ reduce pollution,
◦ improve fuel efficiency via engine controls
◦ increase safety
◦ Improve Control
Computer Revolution
Cell phones: Who would have dreamed that
advances in computer systems would lead to
mobile phones, allowing person-to-person
communication almost anywhere in the world?
Human genome project: The cost of computer
equipment to map and analyze human DNA
sequences is hundreds of millions of dollars. It’s
unlikely that anyone would have considered this
project had the computer costs been 10 to 100
times higher, as they would have been 10 to 20
years ago.
Computer Revolution
World Wide Web: World Wide Web has
transformed our society. For many, the WWW
has replaced libraries.
Search engines: As the content of the WWW
grew in size and in value, finding relevant
information became increasingly important.
Today, many people rely on search engines for
such a large part of their lives that it would be a
hardship to go without them.
Classes of Computing Applications
and Their Characteristics
Desktop Computers are possibly the best-known form of
computing and are characterized by the personal computer.
Desktop computers emphasize delivery of good performance
to single users at low cost and usually execute third-party
software. The evolution of many computing technologies is
driven by this class of computing, which is only about 30
years old.
Server A computer used for running larger programs for multiple
users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a
network.
Datacenter A room or building designed to handle the power,
cooling and networking needs of a large number of servers.
Classes of Computing Applications
and Their Characteristics
Supercomputer A class of computers with the
highest performance and cost; they are configured
as servers and typically cost millions of dollars.
◦ Terabytes Memory
◦ Petabytes Storage
Embedded computer :
A computer inside another device used for
running one predetermined application or
collection of software.
The number of cell phones, personal computers, and televisions
manufactured per year between 1997 and 2007. (Television data
only from 2004 onward.)
Number of Smart Phone users from 2016 to 2026
Von Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann architecture was first published by John
von Neumann in 1945.
His computer architecture design consists of a Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit,
Registers and Inputs/Outputs.
Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-
program computer concept, where instruction data and
program data are stored in the same memory. This
design is still used in most computers produced today.
Von Neumann Architecture
Architecture
Building Architecture :: Structural Design(Civil
Eng)
Computer Architecture :: Circuit Design(Elect.
Eng)
Abstraction
Deriving into Depth reveals more information
An abstraction omits unneeded details, help
us cope with complexity
◦ HW Abstraction
◦ SW Abstraction
Computer Architecture
The art or Science of Building
A style and Method of Design and Construction
The term Computer Architecture was First Coined by IBM in
1960s. It was used to refer to the programmer visible portion
of the instruction set of the IBM 360 family of computers.
The structure of a computer that a machine language
programmer must understand to write correct program for
the machine.
It usually refer to those attributes of a computer which tells
us how to design a computer . i.e. Instruction Set , How the
Memory would be organized, interconnection between
memory and different buses
