CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO

DATABASE SYSTEMS
CHRIS MARK C. AQUINO
DATA VS. INFORMATION

 Data are raw facts. The word raw indicates that the facts
have not yet been processed to reveal their meaning.
Keep in mind that raw data must be properly formatted for
storage, processing, and presentation.
 On the other hand, information is the result of processing
raw data to reveal its meaning in which it requires context.
DATA VS.
INFORMATION
EXAMPLES OF DATA VS.
INFORMATION

 The history of temperature readings all over the world for the past
100 years is data. If this data is organized and analyzed to find that
global temperature is rising, then that is information.
 The number of visitors to a website by country is an example of
data. Finding out that traffic from the U.S. is increasing while that
from Australia is decreasing is meaningful information.
DATA OR INFORMATION?

 Alice, Joshua, Daniel, Mark, Sophia

 27 years old, 28 years old, 25 years old, 26 years old, 24 years old
 Alice, 24 years old, is the youngest among her friends.
 Joshua is the eldest among his friends.
WHAT IS DATA MANAGEMENT?

Data management is a discipline that focuses on

the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of
data. Given the crucial role that data plays, it is
obvious that data management is a core activity
for any business, government agency, service
organization, or charity.
WHAT IS DATABASE?
Database is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection
of the following:
 End – user data, which is raw facts of interest to the end user.

Description of data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the
data found within the database (known as the metadata).
 In short, metadata present a more
complete picture of the data in the
database. Given the characteristics of
metadata, you might hear a database
described as a “collection of self –
describing data.”
WHAT IS TRANSACTION?

In the context of databases, a single logical

operation on a data or an event that occurs on a
database is known as a transaction.
PROPERTIES OF
TRANSACTION
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
ATOMICITY
It requires that each transaction be "all or nothing“. If one
part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails, and
the database state is left unchanged. On the other hand, if
one part of the transaction is successful, then it should be
reflected in the database.
CONSISTENCY
The consistency property ensures that any transaction will
bring the database from one valid state to another.
Any data written to the database must be valid according
to all defined rules,
including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any
combination thereof.
ISOLATION
It ensures that the concurrent execution of
transactions result in a system state that would
be obtained if transactions were executed
serially, one after the other.
DURABILITY
This means that once a transaction has
been committed, it will remain so, even in
the event of power loss, crashes, or
errors.
WHAT IS A DATABASE
SYSTEM?

A database system defines and regulates

the collection, storage, management, and use
of data.
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM
 Hardware
 Software
 People
 Procedures
 Data
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM

Hardware
- It refers to all the database system’s physical devices.
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM

Software
- It refers to the components that are needed to make the
database function fully.
THREE SOFTWARE FOR DBS
 Operating System. It manages all hardware components and makes it
possible for all other software to run on the computers. (e.g. Microsoft
Windows, Linux, Mac OS)
 DBMS Software. It manages the database within the database system.
(e.g. Microsoft SQL ++Server, Oracle, MySQL)
 Application Programs and Utility Software. They are used to access
and manipulate data in the DBMS and to manage the computer
environment in which data access and manipulation take place. (e.g.
Adobe Dreamweaver, Microsoft Visual Studio, WAMPServer)
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM

People
- This component includes all users of the database system.
TYPES OF USERS BASED ON
FUNCTIONS
 System Administrators. They oversee the database system’s general operations.

 Database Administrators. Also known as DBAs, they manage the DBMS and ensure that
the database is functioning properly to avoid system glitches in the future.
 Database Designers. They simply design the database structure that will dictate the
usefulness and effectiveness of the database environment that these people will develop.
 Systems Analysts and Programmers. They design and implement the application programs.
They also design and create the data – entry screens, reports, and procedures through which end –
users access and manipulate the database’s data.
 End – users. These are the people who use the application programs to run the organization’s
daily operations.
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM

 Procedures
- These are the instructions and rules that govern the design and
use of the database system. Procedures are a critical component
of the database system. They help to ensure that companies
have an organized way to monitor and audit the data that enter
the database and the information generated from those data.
MAJOR PARTS OF DATABASE
SYSTEM

Data
- This refers to the collection of facts stored in the database.
Because data are the raw material from which information is
gathered, determining what data to enter into the database
and how to organize those data is a vital part of the database
designer’s job.
WHAT IS A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

 Commonly known as DBMS, is a collection of programs

that manages the database structure and control access to
the data stored in the database. For example, imagine that
a database as a very well – organized electronic filing
cabinet in which powerful software, known as a database
management system that helps manage the cabinet’s
contents.
ILLUSTRATION
OF DBMS
ROLE OF DBMS
 The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the
database. The database structure itself is stored as a collection of
files, and the only way to access the data in those files is through
the DBMS. The DBMS receives all application requests and
translates them into the complex operations required to fulfill those
requests.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Improved data sharing
The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users have better
access to more data and better managed data. Such access makes it possible for
end users to respond quickly to changes in their environment.

 Improved data security

The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security
breaches. A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and
security policies.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Better data integration.

Wider access to well – managed data promotes an integrated view of the organization’s
operations and a clearer view of the big picture. It becomes much easier to see how actions in
one segment of the company affect other segments.

 Minimized data inconsistency

Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in different
places. The probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly designed database.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Improved data access.

The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad – hoc queries. From a database
perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation. An ad – hoc query on the
other hand, is a spur-of-the-moment question. The DBMS sends back an answer (called the query result set)
to the application.

 Provides Back – up and Recovery.

Centralizing a database provides the schemes such as recovery and backups from the failures which
may help the database to recover from the inconsistent state to the state that existed prior to the occurrence of
the failure, though methods are very complex.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Increased end - user productivity

The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform

data into usable information, empowers end users to make quick,
informed decisions that can make the difference between success
and failure in the global economy.
DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Database Complexity

The design of the database system is complex, difficult and is very

time consuming task to perform.

 Substantial Hardware and Software start – up costs

Huge amount of investment is needed to setup the required

hardware and the software needed to run those applications.
DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS

 Damage to database affects virtually all application programs

If one part of the database is corrupted or damaged because
of the hardware or software failure, since we don’t have many
versions of the file, all the application programs which are
dependent on this database are implicitly affected.
DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS
 Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file – based system to a
database system.
Upgrading a file – based system to a database system requires a large
amount of cost is incurred in purchasing different tools, adopting different
techniques as per the requirement.

 Initial training required for all programmers and user.

Large amount of human efforts, the time and cost is needed to train the end
users and application programmers in order to get used to the database systems.
QUALITY POLICY
 The Pangasinan State University shall be recognized as an ASEAN
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premier state university that provides quality education and
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satisfactory service delivery through instruction, research, extension
and production.
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 We commit our expertise and resources to produce professionals who
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meet the expectations of the industry and other interested parties in
the national and international community.
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 We shall continuously improve our operations in response to changing
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environment and in support of the institution’s strategic direction.