Scribd
Upload
18 views46 pages

Lecture 3

Chapter 3 discusses the differences between analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog data is continuous while digital data has discrete states. It explains how digital systems work, the classification of periodic analog signals, and the importance of frequency and bandwidth in data communications. The chapter also provides examples of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals, including their bandwidth calculations.

Uploaded by

Sama Kabil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views46 pages

Lecture 3

Chapter 3 discusses the differences between analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog data is continuous while digital data has discrete states. It explains how digital systems work, the classification of periodic analog signals, and the importance of frequency and bandwidth in data communications. The chapter also provides examples of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals, including their bandwidth calculations.

Uploaded by

Sama Kabil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

Chapter 3

Digital system
Analog Signal

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
What is Analog System?

3.2
What is Digital System?

3.3
What is Digital System?

3.4
How digital system works?

3.5
How digital system works?

3.6
Note

To be transmitted, data must be


transformed to electromagnetic signals
or electrical signal.

3.7
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers


to information that is continuous; digital data refers to
information that has discrete states. Analog data take on
continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.

3.8
Data can be analog or digital.
Analog data are continuous and take continuous
values.
Digital data have discrete states and take discrete
values.

3.9
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals

3.10
Note

In data communications, we commonly


use periodic analog signals and
nonperiodic digital signals.

3.11
3.12
3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or


composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,
cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite
periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.

3.13
3.14
Figure 3.3 Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes

3.15
Wavelength of the signal

3.16
Figure 3.4 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies

3.17
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases

3.18
Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of


each other.

3.19
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency

3.20
Example 3.3

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.


The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:

3.21
Example 3.5

The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in


kilohertz?

Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10 −3
kHz).

3.22
Note

Frequency is the rate of change with


respect to time.

Change in a short span of time


means high frequency.

Change over a long span of


time means low frequency.

3.23
Note

If a signal does not change at all, its


frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.

3.24
Note

Phase describes the position of the


waveform relative to time 0.

3.25
Example 3.6

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.


What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6
cycle is

3.26
Figure 3.6 Wavelength and period

3.27
Figure 3.7 The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave

3.28
Note

A complete sine wave in the time


domain can be represented by one
single spike in the frequency domain.

3.29
Example 3.7

The frequency domain is more compact and


useful when we are dealing with more than one
sine wave. For example, Figure 3.8 shows three
sine waves, each with different amplitude and
frequency. All can be represented by three
spikes in the frequency domain.

3.30
Figure 3.8 The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves

3.31
Note

A single-frequency sine wave is not


useful in data communications;
we need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.

3.32
Note

If the composite signal is periodic, the


decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies;
if the composite signal is nonperiodic,
the decomposition gives a combination
of sine waves with continuous
frequencies.

3.33
Example 3.8

Figure 3.9 shows a periodic composite signal with


frequency f. This type of signal is not typical of those
found in data communications. We can consider it to be
three alarm systems, each with a different frequency.
The analysis of this signal can give us a good
understanding of how to decompose signals.

3.34
Figure 3.10 Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains

3.35
Figure 3.11 The time and frequency domains of a nonperiodic signal

3.36
Note

The bandwidth of a composite signal is


the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in that signal.

3.37
Figure 3.12 The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals

3.38
Example 3.10

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves


with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what
is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all
components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see Figure 3.13).
3.39
Figure 3.13 The bandwidth for Example 3.10

3.40
Example 3.11

A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest


frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest frequency? Draw
the spectrum if the signal contains all frequencies of the
same amplitude.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then

The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We show


this by a series of spikes (see Figure 3.14).
3.41
Figure 3.14 The bandwidth for Example 3.11

3.42
Example 3.12

A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200


kHz, with a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak
amplitude of 20 V. The two extreme frequencies have an
amplitude of 0. Draw the frequency domain of the
signal.

Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest
at 240 kHz. Figure 3.15 shows the frequency domain
and the bandwidth.

3.43
Figure 3.15 The bandwidth for Example 3.12

3.44
Example 3.13

An example of a nonperiodic composite signal is the


signal propagated by an AM radio station. In the United
States, each AM radio station is assigned a 10-kHz
bandwidth. The total bandwidth dedicated to AM radio
ranges from 530 to 1700 kHz. We will show the rationale
behind this 10-kHz bandwidth in Chapter 5.

3.45
Example 3.14

Another example of a nonperiodic composite signal is


the signal propagated by an FM radio station. In the
United States, each FM radio station is assigned a 200-
kHz bandwidth. The total bandwidth dedicated to FM
radio ranges from 88 to 108 MHz. We will show the
rationale behind this 200-kHz bandwidth in Chapter 5.

3.46

You might also like