DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & DATA

SCIENCE
YEAR COURSE
ONE (1)TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER
LECTURE WEEK VII

Networks and Internet Fundamentals

Types of networks: LAN, WAN, MAN
Network components: routers, switches
IP addressing and DNS basics
Networks and Internet
Fundamentals
A network is a collection of
interconnected devices (such The connection between
as computers, servers, routers, devices can be established
switches, and other hardware) using wired (e.g., Ethernet
that communicate with each cables) or wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi)
other to share resources and communication mediums.
data.

The Internet is a global

network of interconnected
It provides access to a vast
computers and networks that
range of services like the
communicate using a
World Wide Web (WWW),
standardized set of protocols
email, file sharing, and more.
called the Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP).
Types of
Networks
Networks can be categorized depending on size,
complexity, level of security, or geographical range.

We will discuss some of the most popular topologies

based on geographical spread.

PAN
•PAN is the acronym for Personal Area Network.

•PAN is the interconnection between devices within the

range of a person’s private space, typically within a
range of 10 metres.
A person can connect her laptop, smart
•If you have transferred images or songs from your phone, personal digital assistant and portable
laptop to mobile or from mobile to your friend’s mobile printer in a network at home.
using Bluetooth, you have set up and used a personal
area network.
This network could be fully Wi-Fi or a
combination of wired and wireless.
 LAN
LAN or Local Area Network is a wired network spread
over a single site like an office, building or
manufacturing unit.

•LAN is set up to when team members need to share

software and hardware resources with each other
but not with the outside world.

•Typical software resources include official

documents, user manuals, employee handbook, etc.

•Hardware resources that can be easily shared over

the network include printer, fax machines, modems,
memory space, etc.

•This decreases infrastructure costs for the

organization drastically.
 MAN
MAN is the acronym for Metropolitan Area Network.

It is a network spread over a city, college campus

or a small region. MAN is larger than a LAN and
typically spread over several kilometres.

Objective of MAN is to share hardware and software

resources, thereby decreasing infrastructure costs.

MAN can be built by connecting several LANs.

The most common example of MAN is cable

TV network.
 WAN
WAN or Wide Area Network is spread
over a country or many countries.

WAN is typically a network of many

LANs, MANs and WANs.

Network is set up using wired or

wireless connections, depending on
availability and reliability.
The most common example of WAN is the
Internet.
 Network
Componen
ts
Computer networks components comprise both
physical parts as well as the software, for
installing computer networks, both at
organizations and at home.

The hardware components are the server, client,

peer, transmission medium, and connecting
devices.

The software components are operating system

and protocols.

Computer Network Components

The following figure shows a network along with

its components
Computer Network Hardware
Components
Hardware components is said to the physical parts of a computer or electronic
system, which work together to perform various tasks. Here are the following various
hardware components given as follows.

Servers −Servers are high-configuration computers that manage the resources of

the network. The network operating system is typically installed in the server and
so they give user accesses to the network resources. Servers can be of various
kinds: file servers, database servers, print servers etc.

Clients − Clients are computers that request and receive service from the servers
to access and use the network resources.

Peers − Peers are computers that provide as well as receive services from other
peers in a workgroup network.

Transmission Media − Transmission media are the channels through which data
is transferred from one device to another in a network. Transmission media may be
guided media like coaxial cable, fibre optic cables etc; or maybe unguided media
like microwaves, infra-red waves etc.

Connecting Devices − Connecting devices act as middleware between networks

or computers, by binding the network media together. Some of the common
connecting devices are: Routers, Bridges, Hubs, Repeaters, Gateways and
Switches.
Connecting devices
Connecting devices provides an
intermediaries for communication
between different networks or
computers by linking various
devices, this helps to travel data
Here we will see the following
examples in detail. Hubs
across multiple systems and
network efficiently.

It's a more advanced version of the

hub, which intelligently directs
It's a basic device, which connects
data packets to the specific device
multiple devices in a network. It
operates on the physical layer of
the OSI model and broadcasts data
Switches improving network efficiency. It
reduces
compared
network
to hubs
collisions
and is
to all connected devices.
commonly used in modern local
area networks (LANs).
 IP addressing and DNS basics
When DNS was not into existence, one
Domain Name System helps to
had to download a Host file containing This resulted in increased traffic on
resolve the host name to an address. It
host names and their corresponding IP downloading this file. To solve this
uses a hierarchical naming scheme and
address. But with increase in number of problem the DNS system was
distributed database of IP addresses
hosts of internet, the size of host file introduced.
and associated names.
also increased.

IP address is a unique logical address

assigned to a machine over the
network. An IP address exhibits the IP address is 32-bit number while on the
following properties: other hand domain names are easy to

IP Address • IP address is the unique address assigned to each

host present on Internet.
• IP address is 32 bits (4 bytes) long.
• IP address consists of two components: network
remember names. For example, when
we enter an email address we always
enter a symbolic string such as
component and host component. [email protected]
• Each of the 4 bytes is represented by a number
from 0 to 255, separated with dots. For example
137.170.4.124
Connecting devices cont.……..
It's a device, that routes data packets between
different networks like between LAN and the internet,
Router this operates on the network layer of the OSI model
and can also assign IP addresses, due to which it is
capable of performing extra functions like security
filtering and quality of service (QoS).

This device connects two different networks, of

Gateway
different protocols or architectures. This
operates at various layers of the OSI model and
can perform complex translations.

Repeater This device is used to amplify or regenerate signals.

This is often used in situations where the signal
strength degrades over long distances, such as in
s large area networks or across long cables.
Computer Network Software
Components
Networking Operating System − Network
Operating Systems is typically installed in the server
and facilitate workstations in a network to share files,
database, applications, printers etc.

Protocol Suite − A protocol is a rule or guideline

followed by each computer for data communication.

Protocol suite is a set of a. OSI Model (Open

related protocols that are laid System
down for computer networks. Interconnections)
The two popular protocol
b. TCP / IP Model
suites are −
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
There are two forms of URL
Uniform Resource as listed below:
Locator (URL) refers to a This document can be a • Absolute URL
web address which web page, image, audio,
uniquely identifies a video or anything else URL Types • Relative URL

document over the present on the web.

internet.

Absolute URL is a complete

Relative URL is a partial
address of a resource on
address of a webpage.
Absolute the web. This completed
address comprises of
Relative Unlike absolute URL, the
URL protocol used, server
name, path name and file
URL protocol and server part
are omitted from relative
URL.
name.

Relative URLs are used for

internal links i.e. to create
links to file that are part of
same website as the
WebPages on which you
are placing the link.
 Difference between Absolute and
Relative URL
Absolute URL Relative URL
Used to link web pages on different Used to link web pages within the
websites same website.

Difficult to manage. Easy to Manage

Changes when the server name or Remains same even of we change the
directory name changes server name or directory name.

Take time to access Comparatively faster to access.

Domain Name System
Architecture
The Domain name system comprises
of Domain Names, Domain Name Space,
Name Server that have been described
below:
Domain Name Meaning

Com Commercial business

Domain Names
Edu Education

Gov U.S. government agency

Domain Name is a symbolic string associated Int International entity

with an IP address.
Mil U.S. military

Net Networking organization

There are several domain names available;
some of them are generic such as com, edu,
gov, net etc, while some country level domain Org Non profit organization
names such as au, in, za, us etc.
 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
END OF
PRESNTATIO
N

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