LOGIC GATES

MS MANDIZHA LF
 LOGIC GATES AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

 In digital electronics, a logic gate is the most elementary

component of a digital circuit or a digital system(building
blocks of digital circuits)
A logic gate is an electronic circuit that performs logical
operations based on the inputs provided to it and
produces a logical output that can be either "true“(1) or
"false“(0).
 LOGIC GATES

 Logic gates can be broadly classified into the following three categories −
 Basic Logic Gates
 AND Gate
 OR Gate
 NOT Gate
 Universal Logic Gates
 NAND Gate
 NOR Gate
 Derived Logic Gates
 XOR Gate
 XNOR Gate
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LOGIC GATES

 The working of logic gates is based on the laws of Boolean algebra.

 In Boolean algebra, the binary variables and logical operators are used to
perform operations.
 A Boolean variable can have one of the two possible values, i.e., 0 or 1. Where,
0 represents "false" or "low state" while 1 represents "true" or "high state".
 The operation of each logic gate is described using a table of input and output
variables, which is called truth table of the logic gate.
 A logic gate produces a specific output depending on the relationship in its
truth table. Hence, Boolean algebra forms the foundation of working of logic
gates.
 Gates are combined together to implement complex practical digital systems to
perform various computational and logical operations
Components of a logic gate

 Transistor
Transistors are the main electronic components used to design a logic gate
circuit. A number of transistors are connected together to form a circuit
that can perform different logic gate functions.
 Input Terminals
A logic gate can have one or more input terminals. Each input terminal can
receive binary signals.
 Output Terminals
Logic gates have an output terminal that produces the result of the logical
operation performed by the logic gate.
 Components of a logic gate

 Power Supply
Being an electronic circuit, a logic gate requires a source of electric power to
work. In general, a voltage VCC represents the power supply.
 Ground Terminal
The ground terminal is a 0 V terminal. It acts as a reference point in the circuitry
of the logic gate.
 Connecting Wires
These are essential components in the logic gate circuitry. The connecting wires
are required to connect transistors and other components of a logic gate in a
circuit
NOT GATE

 The NOT gate is a type of basic logic gate used in digital electronics to
implement the inversion function. Since it performs the inversion
operation, it is also known as inverter.
 It has only one input line and one output line. The output of the NOT
gate is high or logic 1 when its input is low or logic 0. The output of the
NOT gate is low or logic 0 when its input is high or logic 1.
 LOGIC SYMBOL
TRUTH TABLE OF A NOT GATE

•BOOLEAN EXPRESSION OF A NOT GATE

•If A = 0, the output is Y = 1.

•If A = 1, the output is Y = 0.
NOT GATE USING SWITCHES
The light is only ON when the switch is OFF.
AND GATE

 An AND gate is a type of basic logic gate used in various digital circuits
and systems that perfoms Boolean multiplication on inputs applied to it.
 The output will only be 1 or high when all the inputs are 1.
 LOGIC SYMBOL
TRUTH TABLE FOR AN AND GATE
For an AND gate a ‘HIGH’ or logic 1 result is only found when all the inputs
are ‘HIGH’ otherwise the result is LOW or 0.
TRUTH TABLE EXPLAINED

 BOOLEAN EXPRESSION FOR AN AND GATE IS

A.B = Y
 If A = 0 and B = 0, the output is low i.e., Y = 0.
 If A = 0 and B = 1, the output is low i.e., Y = 0.
 If A = 1 and B = 0, the output is low i.e., Y = 0.
 If A = 1 and B = 1, the output is high i.e., Y = 1.
EXPLANATION USING SWITCHES
The light will only light if both switches are ON(HIGH), otherwise the
light is off.
OR gate

 OR Gate is a basic logic gate having two or more input lines and one
output line. It performs the Boolean addition function.
 LOGIC SYMBOL
 Click icon to add picture

TRUTH TABLE OF AN OR GATE

From the truth table, we can observe that the output of the OR gate is logic 0 or low,
only when all the inputs to the OR gate are logic 0 or low. Otherwise, the output of the
OR gate is high or logic 1
 TRUTH TABLE EXPLAINED

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION FOR AN OR GATE

A+B = Y
 If A = 0 and B = 0, the output of the OR gate is Y = 0.
 If A = 0 and B = 1, the output of the OR gate is Y = 1.
 If A = 1 and B = 0, the output of the OR gate is Y = 1.
 If A = 1 and B = 1, the output of the OR gate is Y = 1.
 Explanation of an OR gate using switches
If any one switch is on the light will be HIGH or switched ON. Only when no
switch is connected is the light OFF.
UNIVERSAL GATES

 A logic gate that can implement any kind of possible Boolean function
is called a universal gate. There are two universal logic gates namely,
NAND gate and NOR gate.
 NAND GATE
TRUTH TABLE
The NAND gate can perfom inverse functions of an AND gate.
 NAND gate explained

Boolean expression of a NAND gate

•If A = 0 and B = 0, the output of the NAND gate is Y = 1.

•If A = 0 and B = 1, the output of the NAND gate is Y = 1.
•If A = 1 and B = 0, the output of the NAND gate is Y = 1.
•If A = 1 and B = 1, the output of the NAND gate is Y = 0
NAND GATE USING SWITCHES

EXPLAIN
WORKING AS UNIVERSAL GATES

 As a NOT GATE
NAND gate uses

 Alarm circuits
 Buzzer and burglar devices
 Automatic temperature regulation systems
 Security systems
 Automated doors and windows, etc.
NOR GATE

 It is a combination of two basic logic gates namely, OR gate and NOT

gate.
NOR GATE TRUTH TABLE
NOR GATE EXPLAINED

•If A = 0 and B = 0, the output of the NOR gate is Y = 1.

•If A = 0 and B = 1, the output of the NOR gate is Y = 0.
•If A = 1 and B = 0, the output of the NOR gate is Y = 0.
•If A = 1 and B = 1, the output of the NOR gate is Y = 0
NOR GATE USING SWITCHES

EXPLAIN
NOR GATE AS AN INVERTER
 USES OF NOR GATE

 Various digital systems

 Traffic control systems
 Alarm circuits
 Digital arithmetic circuits like adders and
subtractors, etc
DERIVED GATES (XOR & XNOR GATE)

 The XOR gate

 a type of logic gate in digital electronics which has two inputs and
one output.
 The output of the XOR gate is high or logic 1, only when both the
inputs are different. For the same inputs, the output of the XOR gate
is low or logic 0.
 XExclusive OR gate is widely used in digital arithmetic circuits like
adders and subtractors.
 Since the output of the XOR gate is high only when both of the
inputs are dissimilar, it is also known as the inequality detector.
XOR GATE

 XOR GATE LOGIC SYMBOL

 Click icon to add picture

XOR GATE USING SWITCHES

Only when A is dissimilar to B is the light switched ON otherwise the light
is OFF.
 USES OF XOR GATE

 XOR gate is used in computational and arithmetic circuits

like adders, subtractors, etc.
 XOR gate is used to detect errors, similarities and
dissimilarities between two logic levels or signals.
 XOR gate is used as a controlled inverter or buffer logic
•
XNOR

 Another derived gate that has two inputs and one output.
 The output of the XNOR gate is high, only when both of its inputs
same, i.e., either both inputs are high or both inputs are low. If the
inputs are dissimilar, i.e., one is high and the other low, the output is
low or logic 0.
 Since the XNOR gate produces a high output when both its inputs are
similar, it is also known as an equality detector.
 The XNOR gate is also known as Exclusive-NOR or Ex-NOR gate.
 XNOR gate is a combination of two logic gates namely, XOR gate and
NOT gate.
XNOR GATE
TRUTH TABLE EXPLAINED

 If A = 0 and B = 0, the output of the XNOR gate is Y = 1.

 If A = 0 and B = 1, the output of the XNOR gate is Y = 0.
 If A = 1 and B = 0, the output of the XNOR gate is Y = 0.
 If A = 1 and B = 1, the output of the XNOR gate is Y = 1.
 Hence, we can see that the output is high or logic 1 for similar
inputs. It is low or logic 0 for dissimilar inputs
XNOR GATE USING SWITCHES
USES OF XNOR

 XNOR gate is used in digital communication systems to detect

errors that occurred during data transmission.
 XNOR gate acts as an equality detector. Thus, it is also used to
compare binary data or signals.
 XNOR gate is also used to design digital gaming systems and
logic puzzles.
 Advantages of logic gates

 Logic gates can process digital signals which are essential component in modern
computing systems.
 Logic gates can perform logical or Boolean operations efficiently.
 Being digital circuits, logic gates are highly immune to noise and electromagnetic
interference. Hence, they are more reliable.
 Multiple logic gates can be combined to obtain higher order logic gates and design
complex digital systems.
 Logic gates are versatile in terms of logical operations, as they can perform a
variety of operations when configured in different ways.
 Logic gates have high operating speed.
 Logic gates consume lower amount of electric power.
 Logic gates can be integrated in the form ICs.
Uses of logic gates

 Logic gates are used in digital computers to perform arithmetic, logical, and control
functions.
 In memory devices, logic gates are used to implement memory cells to store digital
data in the form of bits.
 Logic gates are used in manufacturing microprocessors and microcontrollers.
 In systems used in the digital signal processing, the logic gates play an important
role to perform various operations such as modulation, filtering, algorithm
execution, etc.
 Logic gates are also used in digital communication systems to perform functions
like encoding, decoding, signal processing, etc.
 In control systems, logic gates are used to manage and control the operations of
machinery.