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Functions and Inverses

The document provides an overview of functions in mathematics, defining a function as a rule that associates each element of a domain with a unique element of a range. It discusses various types of mappings, the concepts of domain and range, and methods to determine if a relation is a function, including the vertical line test. Additionally, it covers function notation and inverse functions, illustrating these concepts with examples.

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Sakhile Zothani
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12 views25 pages

Functions and Inverses

The document provides an overview of functions in mathematics, defining a function as a rule that associates each element of a domain with a unique element of a range. It discusses various types of mappings, the concepts of domain and range, and methods to determine if a relation is a function, including the vertical line test. Additionally, it covers function notation and inverse functions, illustrating these concepts with examples.

Uploaded by

Sakhile Zothani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics Education for Senior

Phase 3 (Algebra & Functions)


(EDMA322)

Dr J J L Molebale

INSPIRING GREATNESS
FUNCTIONS
MORE ON FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION:
1
“ A function is a RULE by means of which EACH element of
a first set is associated with ONLY ONE element on a
second set.”
(Laridon, Brink, Burgess, Jawurek, Kitto, Myburgh, Pike,
Rhodes-Houghton & van Rooyen, 1986)
DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION:
2
• “A function is a rule that associates each element of a domain (-
value) with a unique element of the range (-value). In a function,
we find one (and only one) corresponding -value for every -value.”
• “A relation is a rule by which each element of the domain (-values)
is associated with at least one element of the range (-values). This
means there is a relationship between the and values in the
equation. Every function is a relation, but not every relation is a
function.”
(Carter, Govender & Heaney, 2007)
DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION:
3
“A relation is any relationship between two variables. A function is a
special kind of a relation in which:
For every -value, there is at most one -value. Each element of the
domain is associated with only one element of the range. In other
words, the -values are never repeated in the set of ordered pairs of a
function. For example:
is a function
is NOT a functions, because the -coordinates are repeated.”
(Aird, du Toit, Harrison, van Duyn & van Duyn, 2013)
EXAMPLE OF A FUNCTION
• Consider the equation . The tabular representation of the
set of ordered pairs this rule is:

-2 -1 0 1 2
4 1 0 1 4

• The set of ordered pairs is


• For every -value, there is only one -value. Therefore is a
relation and a function.
EXAMPLE OF A NON-
FUNCTION
• Consider the equation . The tabular representation of the set
of ordered pairs this rule is:

y -2 -1 0 1 2
x 4 1 0 1 4
• The set of ordered pairs is
• There are -values, for which there are more than one -value,
i.e. 4 and 1. Therefore is a relation but not a function
MAPPINGS IN FUNCTIONS
The following are the two types of MAPPING for functions
• One-on-one Mapping
• Many-on-one Mapping
ONE-ON-ONE MAPPING
• As a rule/equation: if , ( is a set of Integers)
• As a Table of values

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -10 -7 -4 -1 2 5 8

• Ordered Pairs:
MANY-TO-ONE MAPPING
• As a rule/equation: if , ( is a set of Real Numbers)
• As a Table of values (for selected Integers):

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
• As yOrdered
6 Pairs:
0 -4 -6 -6 -4 0
THE DOMAIN
• In the function if , ( is a set of Integers), the set of ordered
pairs created was:
• In the above set of ordered pairs, we say
• This is a set of all the first elements in the ordered pairs.
• This set of numbers is called the Domain of the function. Thus
in the function given above the
• The first set, i.e. the set to which the rule is applied, is called
the DOMAIN (Laridon, Brink, Burgess, Jawurek, Kitto,
Myburgh, Pike, Rhodes-Houghton & van Rooyen, 1986)
THE RANGE
• In the function if , ,( is a set of Integers), the set of ordered pairs
created was:
• In the above set of ordered pairs, we say
• This is a set of all the second elements in the ordered pairs.
• The elements of the second set, which are determined by the rule are
called the IMAGES or FUNCTION VALUES. The set of IMAGES is
called the RANGE (Laridon, Brink, Burgess, Jawurek, Kitto,
Myburgh, Pike, Rhodes-Houghton & van Rooyen, 1986)
• Thus in the example above, the
INCREASING/DECREASING
FUNCTIONS
• A function is increasing if the variables change in the
same direction. In other words, as the x-values
increase, the y-values increase as well. Or, as the x-
values decrease, the y-values decrease as well.
• A function is decreasing if the variables change in
different directions. In other words, as the values of
x increase, the values of y decrease. Or, as the values of
x decrease, the values of y increase.
ILLUSTRATION OF
INCREASING/DECREASING FUNCTION

• The accompanying figure is a graph of


, and , the axis of symmetry.
• At , e.g. at points F, G, H and I, the values of x
are increasing, and the values of y are also
increasing. Therefore the function is
INCREASING.
• At , e.g. at points A, B, C, D, the values of x
are decreasing while those of y are
increasing. Therefore the function is
DECREASING.
THE VERTICAL LINE TEST
• We can find out if a relation is a function or not by
drawing a vertical line through the graph of the relation.
If the vertical line cuts the graph at more than one point,
then the graph does not represent a function because
there are more than one value of x.
• We call this method of determining if a relation is a
function or not the VERTICAL LINE TEST.
EXAMPLE 1 OF THE VERTICAL
LINE TEST
• Is a function or not?
• Draw the graph of .
• Then draw the vertical line .
• cuts at only one point .
• Therefore is a function.
• Why do we say is a function?
EXAMPLE 2 OF THE VERTICAL
LINE TEST
• Is a function or not?
• Draw the graph of , and label it
eq1 (equation 1)
• Then draw the vertical line through
the graph of equation 1.
• cuts the graph of equation 1 at two points A and
B.
• Therefore is not a function.
• Why is not a function?
FUNCTION NOTATION
• We can write a linear function as . This is called function
notation.
• Function notation can be used when determining the
value of the function by substituting the value of , e.g. if ,
then or if , then
• Function notation can also be used to determine the value
of . Can you find the value of if, for example, in the
function given above?
MORE ON FUNCTION
NOTATION
• We usually give a function a name. For example, we might
call the function defined by by the name and that defined
by by the name .
• Thus, in the place of , we can write and in the place of
we can write .
• We can also write ( maps onto ) in the place of
• We can also write ( maps onto ) in the place of
CONVENTIONS ON FUNCTION
NOTATION
• If the domain is not given it is always assumed to be the largest
subset of (Real Numbers) on which the rule can operate (with the
corresponding range)
Unless otherwise stated:
• is assumed to have domain
• is assumed to have domain . Simply put, is an element of the set of
all numbers greater or equal to 0.
• is assumed to have domain or .
• ( constant) is assumed to have domain or all values of minus 0.
INVERSE FUNCTION
• We can picture any relation/function as follows:
Input 𝑓 Output. In this way, we
view the function as a machine in which we put values and
the function puts out certain values.
• If, for example,
𝑓 is the rule , the machine becomes:

• This means if we input 2, the output is 4. If we input , the


output is
INVERSE FUNCTION
• In the INVERSE FUNCTION, the machine is reversed,
and we are given what we fed into the machine, i.e. if we
input 4 on the right-hand side, we get 2 on the left-hand
side. To indicate the reversal of , we use the symbol .
• The illustration of the reversal of our function used in the
earlier example looks
−1 as follows:
𝑓
Output Input
INVERSE FUNCTION
• Dividing both sides of the machine by 2, we get
−1
𝑓
• is the inverse of and we read as ‘ inverse’.
• The easiest way to find the inverse of any rule is to replace
all the variables by and all the variables by , and then
make the subject of the equation
EXAMPLE OF INVERSES
• The inverse of is
• Then change the subject of the equation:
REFERENCES
1. Aird, J., du Toit, L., Harrison, I., van Duyn, C., & van
Duyn, J. (2013). Clever: Keeping Maths Simple.
Northlands: Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
2. Carter, P., Govender, R., & Heany, F. (2007). Focus on
Mathematics: Grade 12. Cape Town: Maskew Miller
Longman (Pty) Ltd.
3. Brink, M., Burgess, A., Jaruwek, A., Kitto, A., Laridon, P.,
Myburgh, M, Pike, M., Rhodes-Houghton, R., & van
Rooyen, R. (1985). Classroom Mathematics: std. 9.
Isando: McGraw-Hill Book Co. (SA) (Pty) Ltd.

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