DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

by

Dr. Fenghui Yao

Tennessee State University

Sequential Circuits 1
 Note
 Most of the figures are from your
course book

Sequential Circuits 2
 Sequential Circuits
 Combinational
 The outputs depend only on the current input
values
 It uses only logic gates
 Sequential
 The outputs depend on the current and past input
values
 It uses logic gates and storage elements
 Example
 Vending machine
 They are referred as finite state machines since
they have a finite number of states
Sequential Circuits 3
 Block Diagram
 Memory elements can store binary
information
 This information at any given time determines
the state of the circuit at that time

Sequential Circuits 4
 Sequential Circuit Types
 Synchronous
 The circuit behavior is determined by the signals
at discrete instants of time
 The memory elements are affected only at
discrete instants of time
 A clock is used for synchronization
 Memory elements are affected only with the
arrival of a clock pulse
 If memory elements use clock pulses in their
inputs, the circuit is called
 Clocked sequential circuit

Sequential Circuits 5
 Sequential Circuit Types
 ASynchronous
 The circuit behavior is determined by the signals
at any instant of time
 It is also affected by the order the inputs change

Sequential Circuits 6
 Clock
 It emits a series of pulses with a
precise pulse width and precise
interval between consecutive pulses
 Timing interval between the
corresponding edges of two
consecutive pulses is known as the
clock cycle time, or period

Sequential Circuits 7
 Flip-Flops
 They are memory elements
 They can store binary information

Sequential Circuits 8
 Flip-Flops
 Can keep a binary state until an input
signal to switch the state is received
 There are different types of flip-flops
depending on the number of inputs
and how the inputs affect the binary
state

Sequential Circuits 9
 Latches
 The most basic flip-flops
 They operate with signal levels
 The flip-flops are constructed from
latches
 They are not useful for synchronous
sequential circuits
 They are useful for asynchronous
sequential circuits

Sequential Circuits 10
 SR Latch with NOR

Sequential Circuits 11
 SR Latch with NOR
S set
R reset
Q 1, Q' 0  set state
Q 0, Q' 1  reset state
S 1, R 1  undefined, Q and Q' are set to 0
In normal conditions , avoid S 1, R 1

Sequential Circuits 12
 SR Latch with NAND

Sequential Circuits 13
 SR Latch with NAND
S set
R reset
Q 0, Q' 1  set state
Q 1, Q' 0  reset state
S 0, R 0  undefined, Q and Q' are set to 1
In normal conditions, avoid S 0, R 0

Sequential Circuits 14
 SR Latch with Control Input

Sequential Circuits 15
 D Latch

Sequential Circuits 16
 Symbols for Latches

Sequential Circuits 17
 Note
 The control input changes the state of
a latch or flip-flop
 The momentary change is called a
trigger
 Example: D Latch
 It is triggered every time the pulse goes to the
logic level 1
 As long as the pulse remains at the logic level 1,
the change in the data (D) directly affects the
output (Q)
 THIS MAY BE A BIG PROBLEM since the state of
the latch may keep changing depending on the
input (may be coming from a combinational logic
network)
Sequential Circuits 18
 How to Solve?
 Trigger the flip-flop only during a
signal transition

Sequential Circuits 19
 Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop

Sequential Circuits 20
 Characteristics of D Flip-
Flop

Q(t  1) D
Sequential Circuits 21
 Edge-Triggered J-K Flip-Flop

Q(t  1)  JQ' K ' Q

Sequential Circuits 22
 Excitation Table

Sequential Circuits 23
 Edge-Triggered T Flip-Flop

T Q(t  1)
0 Q(t ) Q(t  1) T  Q TQ 'T ' Q
1 Q' (t )
Sequential Circuits 24
 Excitation Table

Sequential Circuits 25
 Direct Inputs
 You can use asynchronous inputs to
put a flip-flop to a specific state
regardless of the clock
 You can clear the content of a flip-flop
 The content is changed to zero (0)
 This is called clear or direct reset
 This is particularly useful when the power is off
 The state of the flip-flop is set to unknown

Sequential Circuits 26
 D Flip-Flop with
Asynchronous Reset

Sequential Circuits 27
 State Equations
A state equation shows
the next state as a
function of the current
state and inputs
A(t  1)  A(t ) x(t )  B (t ) x(t )
B (t  1)  A' (t ) x(t )
y (t )  A(t )  B (t )x' (t )

A(t  1)  Ax  Bx
B (t  1)  A' x
y ( A  B ) x'
Sequential Circuits 28
 State Table

Sequential Circuits 29
 State Diagram

Sequential Circuits 30
 Analysis with D Flip-Flops

DA  A  x  y
A(t  1)  A  x  y
Sequential Circuits 31
 State Reduction
 Reduce the number of states but keep
the input-output requirements
 Reducing the number of states may
reduce the number of flip-flops
 If there are n flip-flops, there are 2^n states
 If you have two circuits that produce
the same output sequence for any
given input sequence, the two circuits
are equivalent
 They may replace each other

Sequential Circuits 32
 State Reduction Example

Find the states for which the

Sequential Circuits 33
 Example (Cont.)

In the next
state, g is
replaced with e

In the next
state, f is
replaced with d

Sequential Circuits 34
 Example (Cont.)

Sequential Circuits 35
 State Assignment
 You need to assign binary values for
each state so that they can be
implemented
 You need to use enough number of
bits to cover all the states

Sequential Circuits 36
 State Assignments

Sequential Circuits 37
 Design Procedure
 Derive a state diagram
 Reduce the number of states
 Assign binary values to the states
 Obtain binary coded state table
 Choose the type of flip-flop to be used
 Derive simplified flip-flop input
equations and output equations
 Draw the logic diagram

Sequential Circuits 38
 Example
 Design a circuit (with D flip-flops) that
detects three or more consecutive 1’s in a
string of bits coming through an input line

Sequential Circuits 39
 Example (Cont.)

A(t  1) DA ( A, B, x)  3,5,7 

Sequential Circuits 41
 Example (Cont.)

Sequential Circuits 42
 Example
 Design a circuit (with JK flip-flops) that
detects three or more consecutive 1’s in a
string of bits coming through an input line

Sequential Circuits 43
 Example (Cont.)

Sequential Circuits 44
 Example (Cont.)

Sequential Circuits 45
 Example (Cont.)

Sequential Circuits 46
 Study Problems
 Course Book Chapter – 5 Problems
 5–3
 5–5
 5–6
 5–7
 5 – 10
 5 – 12
 5 – 13
 5 – 19

Sequential Circuits 47
 Questions

Sequential Circuits 48