BUSINESS

ANALYTICS WITH
EXCEL
What is Microsoft Excel?
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is used to record and analyse numerical data.
∙ Think of a spreadsheet as a collection of columns and rows that form a table. Alphabetical letters are
usually assigned to columns and numbers are usually assigned to rows.
∙ The point where a column and a row meet is called a cell.
∙ The address of a cell is given by the letter representing the column and the number representing a row.
Let's illustrate this using the following image.
Understanding the Ribbon
The ribbon provides shortcuts to commands in Excel. A command is an action that the user performs. An
example of a command is creating a new document, printing a documenting, etc. The image below shows
the ribbon used in Excel 2013
Understanding the Worksheet
A worksheet is a collection of rows and columns. When a row and a column meet, they form a cell. Cells are
used to record data. Each cell is uniquely identified using a cell address. Columns are usually labelled with
letters while rows are usually numbers.
A workbook is a collection of worksheets. By default, a workbook has three cells in Excel. You can delete or
add more sheets to suit your requirements. By default, the sheets are named Sheet1, Sheet2 and so on and
so forth. You can rename the sheet names to more meaningful names i.e. Daily Expenses, Monthly Budget,
etc.
Data Types in Excel:
A better definition of a data type is a data storage format that can contain a specific type or range of values
Format Cells:
∙ Excel cell format option is used for changing the appearance of number without any changes in number.
∙ To formatting the cells there are five tabs in Format Cells. By using this, we can change the date style,
time style, Alignments, insert the border with different style, protect the cells, etc.
∙ We can find this option with right click of the mouse. After right-clicking, pop-up will appear, and then we
need to click on Format Cells or we can use shortcut key Ctrl+1 on our keyboard.
Number Tab:
∙ Excel number format used for changing the formatting of number cells in decimals, providing the
desired format, in terms of number, dates, converting into percentage, fractions, etc.
∙ Basis the requirement, any data type can be formatted accordingly in the number tab.

To change the font:

By default, the font of each new workbook is set to Calibri. However, Excel provides many other fonts you
can use to customize your cell text. In the example below, we'll format our title cell to help distinguish it
from the rest of the worksheet
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2.Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font command on the Home tab. The Font drop-down menu will
appear.
3.Select the desired font. A live preview of the new font will appear as you hover the mouse over different
options. In our example, we'll
choose Georgia.

4. The text will change to the

. selected font.
To change the font size:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify

2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Size

command on the Home tab. The Font Size drop-down
menu will appear.

3. Select the desired font size. A live preview of the new

font size will appear as you hover the mouse over different
options. In our example, we will choose 16 to make the
text larger.
4. The text will change to the selected font size.

You can also use the Increase Font Size and Decrease Font Size commands or enter a custom font
size using your keyboard.
To change the font colour:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.

2.Click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Color command on the Home tab. The
Color menu will appear.
3. Select the desired font color. A live preview of the new font color will appear as you hover the
mouse over different options. In our example, we'll
choose Green.

4. The text will change to the selected font color.

Select More Colors at the bottom

of the menu to access additional
color options.
To use the Bold, Italic, and Underline commands:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2. on the Home tab. In our example, we'll make the selected cells bold. Click the Bold (B), Italic (I),
or Underline (U) command

3. The selected style will be applied to the text.

You can also press Ctrl+B on your keyboard to make selected text bold, Ctrl+I to apply italics, and Ctrl+U
to apply an underline.

Text alignment

By default, any text entered into your worksheet will be aligned to the bottom-left of a cell, while any
numbers will be aligned to the bottom-right. Changing the alignment of your cell content allows you to
choose how the content is displayed in any cell, which can make your cell content easier to read.
Left align: Aligns content to the left border of the cell

Centre align: Aligns content an equal distance from the left and right borders of the cell

Right Align: Aligns content to the right border of the cell

To change horizontal text alignment:

In our example below, we'll modify the alignment of our title cell to create a more polished look and further
distinguish it from the rest of the worksheet.

1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.

2. Select one of the three horizontal

alignment commands on the Home
tab. In our example, we'll choose
Centre Align.
3. The text will realign.

To change vertical text alignment:

1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2. Select one of the three vertical alignment commands on the Home tab. In our example, we'll choose
Middle Align.

3. The text will realign.

You can apply both vertical and

horizontal alignment settings to
any cell.
Cell borders and fill colors
Cell borders and fill colors allow you to create clear and defined boundaries for different
sections of your worksheet. Below, we'll add cell borders and fill color to our header cells to
help distinguish them from the rest of the worksheet.
To add a border:
1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.

2.Click the drop-down arrow next to the Borders command on the Home tab. The
Borders drop-down menu will appear.
3.Select the border style you want to use. In our example, we will choose to display
All Borders
4. The selected border style will appear.
You can draw borders and change the line style and colour of borders with the Draw Borders
tools at the bottom of the Borders drop-down menu.

To add a fill color:

1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.
2.Click the drop-down arrow next to the Fill Colour command on the Home tab. The Fill Colour
menu will appear.
3.Select the fill colour you want to use. A live preview of the new fill colour will appear as you hover the
mouse over different options. In our example, we'll choose Light Green.
4. The selected fill colour will appear in the selected cells.

Format Painter

If you want to copy formatting from one cell to another,

you can use the Format
Painter command on the Home tab. When you click
the Format Painter, it will copy all of the formatting
from the selected cell. You can then click and drag
over any cells you want to paste the formatting to.
Formatting text and numbers

One of the most powerful tools in Excel is the ability to apply specific formatting for text and
numbers. Instead of displaying all cell content in exactly the same way, you can use formatting to
change the appearance of dates, times, decimals, percentages
(%), currency ($), and much more.

To apply number formatting:

In our example, we'll change the number format for several cells to modify the way dates are
displayed.

1. Select the cells(s) you want to modify.

2. Click the drop-down arrow next to the
Number Format command on the Home
tab. The Number Formatting drop-down
menu will appear

3.Select the desired formatting

option. In our example, we will
change the formatting to Long
Date.

4. The selected cells will change to the

new formatting style. For some
number formats, you can then use
the Increase Decimal and Decrease
Decimal commands (below the
Number Format command) to
change the number of decimal
places that are displayed.
.
Cell references

Cell references in Excel are very important. Understand the difference between relative, absolute and
mixed reference.

Relative Reference
By default, Excel uses relative references. See the formula in cell D2 below. Cell D2 references
(points to) cell B2 and cell C2. Both references are relative.

1. Select cell D2, click on the lower right corner of cell D2 and drag it down to cell D5.
Cell D3 references cell B3 and cell C3. Cell D4 references cell B4 and cell C4. Cell D5 references cell B5
and cell C5. In other words: each cell references its two neighbours on the left.

Absolute Reference
See the formula in cell E3 below.
1. To create an absolute reference to cell H3, place a $ symbol in front of the column letter and row
number ($H$3) in the formula of cell E3.
2. Now we can quickly drag this formula to the other cells.

The reference to cell H3 is fixed (when we drag the formula down and across). As a result, the
correct lengths and widths in inches are calculated.
Mixed Reference
Sometimes we need a combination of relative and absolute reference (mixed reference).
1. See the formula in cell F2 below.

2. We want to copy this formula to the other cells quickly. Drag cell F2 across one cell, and
look at the formula in cell G2.
Do you see what happens?
The reference to the price should be a fixed
reference to column B. Solution: place a $
symbol in front of the column letter ($B2) in
the formula of cell F2. In a similar way,
when
we drag cell F2 down, the reference to the
reduction should be a fixed reference to
row 6. Solution: place a $ symbol in front of
the row number (B$6) in the formula of cell
F2.
Note: we don't place a $ symbol in front of the row number of $B2 (this way we allow the
reference to change from $B2 (Jeans) to $B3 (Shirts) when we drag the formula down). In a
similar way, we don't place a $ symbol in front of the column letter of B$6 (this way we allow the
reference to change from B$6 (Jan) to C$6 (Feb) and D$6 (Mar) when we drag the formula
across).
3. Now we can quickly drag this formula to the other cells. The references to column B and row
6 are fixed.
Navigations using Excel:

Enter moves the cursor down. Shift+ Enter moves the cursor up. Tab moves
the cursor to the right.
Shift + Tab moves it back to the left.

PageUp and PageDown move up or down one full screen.

Alt+ PageDown moves one full screen to the right

Alt+ PageUp moves one full screen to the left.

The Home key moves the cursor to the beginning of the current row in column A.

Ctrl+ Home moves the cursor to the Home position (A1).

Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Key selects the data till the last cell in which data is there, in the direction of
Arrow key

Ctrl + Arrow Key Moves the active cell to the last cell with data in appropriate direction

Shift + Arrow Key Selects the cells in appropriate direction

To copy and paste cell content:

Excel allows you to copy content that is already entered into your spreadsheet and paste that
content to other cells, which can save you time and effort.

1. Select the cell(s) you want to copy.

2. Click the Copy command on the Home tab, or press

Ctrl+C on your keyboard.
3. Select the cell(s) where you want to paste the content. The copied cells will now have a dashed box
around them.

4. Click the Paste command on the Home tab, or press Ctrl+V on your keyboard.
5. The content will be pasted into the selected cells.
To cut and paste cell content:

Unlike copying and pasting, which duplicates cell content, cutting allows you to move content
between cells.

1. Select the cell(s) you want to cut .

2. Click the Cut command on the Home tab, or press Ctrl+X on your keyboard.
3. Select the cells where you want to paste the content. The cut cells will now have a dashed box
around them.

4. Click the Paste command on the Home tab, or press Ctrl+V on your keyboard.
5. The cut content will be removed from the original cells and pasted into the selected cells.

To access more paste options:

You can also access additional paste

options, which are especially convenient
when working with cells that contain
formulas or formatting.

∙ To access more paste

options, click the drop-down
arrow on the Paste
command.
Rather than choose commands from the Ribbon, you can access commands quickly by right- clicking.
Simply select the cell(s) you want to format, then right-click the mouse. A drop- down menu will
appear, where you'll find several commands that are also located on the Ribbon .

Here is the list of the shortcuts for Paste Special

1.To Paste Values only – Alt+E+S+V + Enter.

2.To Paste Formatting only – Alt+E+S+T + Enter.
3.To Paste Comments only – Alt+E+S+C + Enter.
4.To set column width same as that of the copied cells – Alt+E+S+W + Enter.
5.To copy but in a transposed manner – Alt+E+S+*+E+ Enter (striking that extra ‘E’
at the end checks the transpose option. The * indicates that you can use it with
any of the above-mentioned shortcuts.
To use the fill handle:

There may be times when you need to copy the

content of one cell to several other cells in your
worksheet. You could copy and paste the content into
each cell, but this method would be time consuming.
Instead, you can use the fill handle to quickly copy and
paste content
to adjacent cells in the same row or column.

1. Select the cell(s) containing the content you

want to use. The fill handle will appear as a
small square in the bottom-right corner of the
selected cell(s).

2. Click, hold, and drag the fill handle until all of the
cells you want to fill are selected.
 3. Release the mouse to fill the selected cells.
To continue a series with the fill handle:

The fill handle can also be used to continue a

series. Whenever the content of a row or column
follows a sequential order, like numbers (1, 2, 3) or
days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday), the fill
handle can guess what should come next in the
series. In many cases, you may need to select
multiple cells before using the fill handle to help
Excel determine the series order. In our example
below, the fill handle is used to extend a series of
dates in a column.
You can also double-click the fill handle instead of
clicking and dragging. This can be useful with
larger spreadsheets, where clicking and dragging
may be awkward.
How to use Flash Fill

Usually Flash Fill starts automatically, and you only

need to provide a pattern. Here's how:

1.Insert a new column adjacent to the column with

your source data.
2.In the first cell of a newly added column, type the
desired value.
3.Start typing in the next cell, and if Excel senses a
pattern, it will show a preview of data to be auto-
filled in the below cells.
4.Press the Enter key to accept the preview. Done!

In most situations, Flash Fill kicks in

automatically as soon as Excel establishes
a pattern in the data you are entering. If a
preview does not show up, you can activate
Flash Fill manually in this way:

1. Fill in the first cell and press Enter .

2. Click the Flash Fill button on the Data tab or
press the Ctrl+C shortcut
 Flash Fill options

When using Flash Fill in Excel to automate data

entry, the Flash Fill Options button appears near the
auto-filled cells. Clicking this button opens the menu
that lets you do the following:

∙ Undo the Flash Fill results.

∙ Select blank cells that Excel has failed to populate.
∙ Select the changed cells, for example, to format
them all at once.

Sorting Data

Let’s say you had the spreadsheet above and wanted to sort by price. This process is fairly
simple. You can either highlight the whole column or even click on the first cell in the
column to get started. Then you will:

∙ Right click to open the menu

∙ Go down to the Sort option – when hovering over Sort the sub-menu will appear
∙ Click on Largest to Smallest
∙ Select Expand the selection
∙ Click OK
Filtering Data

The filter feature applies a drop-down menu to each column heading, allowing you
to select specific choices to narrow a table.

Using the above example, let’s say you wanted to filter your table by Company
and Salesperson. Specifically, you want to find the number of sales Dylan
Rogers made to Eastern Company.

To do this using the filter you would:

∙Go to the Data tab on Excel ribbon

∙Select the Filter tool
∙Select Eastern Company from the dropdown menu
∙Select Dylan Rogers from the Salesperson dropdown menu
The Sort & Filter Tool
In addition to the right-click menu sorting option and the Filter tool on the Data ribbon, Excel has a Sort &
Filter tool that allows for custom sorting.
In the following GIF, we can see how the Custom Sorting tool can be used to sort date ranges or price
ranges.
But notice how this example is either/or. What if you wanted to sort by date and by price? This
where the Custom Sort option really comes in handy. After selecting your first sorting
conditions, you can add a level to get event more accurate data:

As you can see, Excel offers a variety of sorting and filtering tools to help you refine your data
and keep it organized
Text to Columns
To separate the contents of one Excel cell into separate columns, you can use the 'Convert Text to Columns
Wizard'. For example, when you want to separate a list of full names into last and first names.
1. Select the range with full names.

2. On the Data tab, in the Data

Tools group, click Text to
Columns.
The following dialog box appears.
3. Choose Delimited and click Next.
4.Clear all the check boxes under Delimiters except for the Comma and Space check box.
5.Click Finish.
Note: This example has commas and spaces as delimiters. You may have other delimiters in your data.
Experiment by checking and unchecking the different check boxes. You get a live preview of how your
data will be separated.
Result:
Remove Duplicates
This example teaches you how to
remove duplicates in Excel.
1.Click any single cell inside the
data set.
2.On the Data tab, in the Data
Tools group, click Remove
Duplicates.
The following dialog box appears.
3. Leave all checkboxes checked and click OK.
Result. Excel removes all identical rows (blue) except for the first identical row found (yellow).
To remove rows with the same values in certain columns, execute the following steps.
4.For example, remove rows with the same Last Name and Country.
5.Check Last Name and Country and click OK.
Result. Excel removes all rows with the same Last Name and Country (blue) except for
the first instances found (yellow).
Data Validation – LISTS
Create a Drop-down List
To create a drop-down list in Excel, execute the following steps.
1. On the second sheet, type the items you want to appear in the drop-down list.

Note: if you don't want users to access the items on Sheet2, you can hide Sheet2. To achieve this, right
click on the sheet tab of Sheet2 and click on Hide.
2. On the first sheet, select cell B1.
3. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Data Validation.

The 'Data Validation' dialog box appears.

4.In the Allow box, click List.
5.Click in the Source box and select the range A1:A3 on Sheet2.
6. Click OK.
Result:

Note: to copy/paste a drop-down list, select the cell with the drop-down list and press CTRL
+ c, select another cell and press CTRL + v.
7. You can also type the items directly into the Source box, instead of using a range
reference.
Note: this makes your drop-down list case sensitive. For example, if a user types yes, an
error alert will be displayed.
Conditional Formatting
Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight
cells with a certain colour, depending on the cell's
value.

Highlight Cells Rules

To highlight cells that are greater than a value, execute
the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.

2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.

3. Click Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than.

4. Enter the value 80 and select a formatting style.

5. Click OK.
Result. Excel highlights the
cells that are greater than
80.

6. Change the value of cell

A1 to 81.
Result. Excel changes the
format of cell A1
automatically.
Note: you can also use this category (see
step 3) to highlight cells that are less than a
value, between two values, equal to a
value, cells that contain specific text, dates
(today, last week, next month, etc.),
duplicates or unique values.
Clear Rules
To clear a conditional formatting rule, execute the
following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.

2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.

3. Click Clear Rules, Clear Rules from Selected Cells.

Top/Bottom Rules
To highlight cells that are above average,
execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:A10.
2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.

3. Click Top/Bottom Rules, Above Average.

4. Select a formatting style.

5. Click OK.
Result. Excel calculates the average (42.5)
and formats the cells that are above this
average.

Note: you can also use this category (see

step 3) to highlight the top n items, the
top n percent, the bottom n items, the
bottom n percent or cells that are below
average.
Conditional Formatting with Formulas
Take your Excel skills to the next level and use a formula to determine which cells to format.
Formulas that apply conditional formatting must evaluate to TRUE or FALSE.
1. Select the range A1:E5.

2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click Conditional Formatting.

3. Click New Rule.
4.Select 'Use a formula to determine which
cells to format'.
5.Enter the formula =ISODD(A1)
6.Select a formatting style and click OK.
Result. Excel highlights all odd numbers.

Explanation: always write the formula for the upper-left

cell in the selected range. Excel automatically copies
the formula to the other cells. Thus, cell A2 contains
the formula
=ISODD(A2), cell A3 contains the formula
=ISODD(A3), etc.
Here's another example.
7. Select the range A2:D7.
8.Repeat steps 2-4 above.
9.Enter the formula =$C2="USA"
10. Select a formatting style and click OK.

Result. Excel highlights all USA orders.

Explanation: we fixed the reference to column C by
placing a $ symbol in front of the column letter
($C2). As a result, cell B2, C2 and cell D2 also
contain the formula =$C2="USA", cell A3, B3, C3
and D3 contain the formula =$C3="USA", etc.
Functions and Formula:

Formula - A formula is an expression

which calculates the value of a cell.
Functions are predefined formulas and
are already available in Excel.

Functions - Every function has the same

structure. For example, SUM(A1:A4). The
name of this function is SUM. The part
between the brackets (arguments) means
we give Excel the range A1:A4 as input.
This function adds the values in cells A1,
A2, A3 and A4.

To Decode a function use ALT + T + U

+ F to see the output in every step and
validate everything. MIN:

Aggregate
Functions:
SUM
MAX:

COUNT:
COUNTA:
AVG:

CONDITIONALS:

IF:
IF with OR:

IF with AND:
A simple nested IF

A nested IF is just two more IF statements in a formula, where one IF statement appears inside the
other.

To illustrate, below I've extended the original pass/fail formula above to handle "incomplete" results
by adding an IF function, and nesting one IF inside the other:
IFERROR:

SUMIFS:
SUMIFS is a function to sum cells that
meet multiple criteria. SUMIFS can be
used to sum values when adjacent cells
meet criteria based on dates, numbers,
and text. SUMIFS supports logical
operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for
partial matching.

SUMIF:

The Excel SUMIF function returns

the sum of cells that meet a single
condition. Criteria can be applied
to dates, numbers, and text. The
SUMIF function supports logical
operators (>,<,<>,=) and
wildcards (*,?) for partial matching.
 COUNTIF:
COUNTIF is a function to count cells that
meet a single criterion. COUNTIF can be
used to count cells with dates, numbers,
and text that meet specific criteria. The
COUNTIF function supports logical
operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for
partial matching.

COUNTIFS:
The Excel COUNTIFS function returns the
count of cells that meet one or more
criteria. COUNTIFS can be used with
criteria based on dates, numbers, text, and
other conditions. COUNTIFS supports
logical operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards
(*,?) for partial matching.
 AVERAGEIF:
The Excel AVERAGEIF function computes
the average of the numbers in a range that
meet the supplied criteria. The criteria for
AVERAGEIF supports logical operators
(>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for partial
matching.

AVERAGEIFS:
The Excel AVERAGEIFS function calculates
the average of numbers in a range that meet
one or more supplied criteria. The criteria in
AVERAGEIFS supports logical operators
(>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for partial
matching.
DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
Date Function:
 Today Function:

NOW function
NOW() function returns the current date and time.

DateValue Function:
 TEXT Function:

Day Function:

MONTH function
MONTH (serial_number) function in
Excel returns the month of a specified
date as an integer ranging from 1
(January) to 12 (December).
For example:
=MONTH(A2) - returns the month of a
date in cell A2.
=MONTH(TODAY()) - returns the
current month.
YEAR Function:

EOMONTH function
EOMONTH(start_date, months) function returns the last day of the month a given number of months
from the start date.
WEEKDAY

DATEDIF function:
EDATE function
EDATE(start_date, months) function returns the serial number of the date that is the specified number of months
before or after the start date.
For example:
=EDATE(A2, 5) - adds 5 months to the date in cell A2.
=EDATE(TODAY(), -5) - subtracts 5 months from today's date.

WORKDAY function
WORKDAY (start_date, days, [holidays]) function returns a date N workdays before or after the start date. It
automatically excludes weekend days from calculations as well as any holidays that you specify.
This function is very helpful for calculating milestones and other important events based on the standard working
calendar.
For example, the following formula adds 45 weekdays to the start date in cell A2, ignoring holidays in cells B2:B8:
=WORKDAY(A2, 45, B2:B85)

WORKDAY.INTL function
WORKDAY.INTL(start_date, days, [weekend], [holidays]) allows calculating a date N number of workdays in the
future or in the past with custom weekend parameters.
For example, to get a date 20 workdays after the start date in cell A2, with Monday and Sunday counted as
weekend days, you can use either of the following formulas:
=WORKDAY.INTL(A2, 20, 2, 7) or
WORKDAY.INTL(A2, 20, "1000001")
NETWORKDAYS function
NETWORKDAYS(start_date, end_date, [holidays]) function returns the number of weekdays between two
dates that you specify. It automatically excludes weekend days and, optionally, the holidays.
For example, the following formula calculates the number of whole workdays between the start date in A2 and
end date in B2, ignoring Saturdays and Sundays and excluding holidays in cells C2:C5:
=NETWORKDAYS(A2, B2, C2:C5)

NETWORKDAYS.INTL function
NETWORKDAYS.INTL(start_date, end_date, [weekend], [holidays]) returns the number of weekdays
between two dates, but lets you specify which days should be counted as weekends.
Here is a basic NETWORKDAYS formula:
=NETWORKDAYS(A2, B2, 2, C2:C5)
The formula calculates the number of workdays between the date in A2 (start_date) and the date in B2
(end_date), excluding the weekend days Sunday and Monday (number 2 in the weekend parameter), and
ignoring holidays in cells C2:C5.
Lookup Functions - Vlookup:
VLOOKUP is an Excel function to lookup and retrieve data from a specific column in table.
VLOOKUP supports approximate and exact matching, and wildcards (* ?) for partial matches.
The "V" stands for "vertical". Lookup values must appear in the first column of the table, with
lookup columns to the right.
Hlookup:
HLOOKUP is an Excel function to lookup and retrieve data from a specific row in table. The "H" in
HLOOKUP stands for "horizontal", where lookup values appear in the first row of the table, moving
horizontally to the right. HLOOKUP supports approximate and exact matching, and wildcards (* ?)
for finding partial matches.
INDEX and MATCH
Use INDEX and MATCH in Excel instead of using VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP. To perform advanced
lookups, you'll need INDEX and MATCH.
Match
The MATCH function returns the position of a value in a given range. For example, the MATCH function
below looks up the value 53 in the range B3:B9.
 Explanation: 53 (first argument) found at position 5 in the range B3:B9 (second argument). In this
example, we use the MATCH function to return an exact match so we set the third argument to 0.
Index
The INDEX function below returns a specific value in a one-dimensional range.

Explanation: the INDEX function returns the 5th value (second argument) in the range E3:E9 (first argument).
Index and Match
Replace the value 5 in the INDEX function (see previous example) with the MATCH function (see first
example) to lookup the salary of ID 53.
Explanation: the MATCH function returns position 5. The INDEX function needs position 5. It's a perfect
combination. If you like, you can also use the VLOOKUP function. It's up to you. However, you'll need
INDEX and MATCH to perform advanced lookups, as we will see next.

Two-way Lookup
The INDEX function can also return a specific value in a two-dimensional range. For example, use the
INDEX and the MATCH function in Excel to perform a two-way-lookup
Case-sensitive Lookup
By default, the VLOOKUP function performs a case-insensitive lookup. However, you can use the INDEX,
MATCH and the EXACT function in Excel to perform a case-sensitive lookup.
Note: the formula correctly looks up the salary of MIA Reed, not Mia Clark.
Left Lookup
The VLOOKUP function only looks to the right. No worries, you can use the INDEX and the MATCH
function in Excel to perform a left lookup.

Note: when we drag this formula down, the absolute references ($E$4:$E$7 and
$G$4:$G$7) stay the same, while the relative reference (A2) changes to A3, A4, A5, etc.
Two-column Lookup
Do you want to look up a value based on multiple criteria? Use the INDEX and the MATCH function
in Excel to perform a two-column lookup.
Note: the array formula above looks up the salary of James Clark, not James Smith, not James
Anderson.
Closest Match
To find the closest match to a target value in a data column, use the INDEX, MATCH, ABS and the
MIN function in Excel.
TEXT Functions: Concatenate:

LEFT:
RIGHT:

MID
TRIM:

Replace:
LEN

FIND:
ROUND:

SUBTOTAL:
 Keys for other Aggregate operation:

Charts
A simple chart in Excel can say more than a sheet full of
numbers. As you'll see, creating charts is very easy.
Create a Chart
To create a line chart, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:D7.
Charts
A simple chart in Excel can say more than a sheet full of numbers. As you'll see, creating charts is very easy.
Create a Chart
To create a line chart, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:D7.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click the
Line symbol.
3. Click Line with Markers.
Result:
Note: enter a title by clicking on Chart Title. For
example, Wildlife Population.
Change Chart Type
You can easily change to a different type
of chart at any time.
1.Select the chart.
2.On the Design tab, in
the Type group, click
Change Chart Type.
3.On the left side, click
Column.
4.Click OK.
 Result
:

Switch Row/Column
If you want to display the animals (instead
of the months) on the horizontal axis,
execute the following steps.
1.Select the chart.
2.On the Design tab, in the Data group,
click Switch Row/Column.
Result:
Legend Position
To move the legend to the right side of the
chart, execute the following steps.
1.Select the chart.
2.Click the + button on the right side of the
chart, click the arrow next to Legend and
click Right.

Result:
Data Labels
You can use data labels to focus your readers' attention on a single data series or data point.
1.Select the chart.
2.Click a green bar to select the Jun data series.
3.Hold down CTRL and use your arrow keys to select the population of Dolphins in June (tiny green bar).
4.Click the + button on the right side of the chart and click the check box next to Data Labels.

Result:
Pivot Tables
Pivot tables are one of Excel's
most powerful features. A pivot
table allows you to extract the
significance from a large,
detailed data set.
Our data set consists of 213
records and 6 fields. Order ID,
Product, Category, Amount,
Date and Country.

Insert a Pivot Table

To insert a pivot table,
execute the following steps.
1.Click any single cell
inside the data set.
2.On the Insert tab, in the
Tables group, click
PivotTable.
The following dialog box appears. Excel automatically
selects the data for you. The default location for a new
pivot table is New Worksheet.
3. Click OK.
Drag fields
The PivotTable Fields pane appears. To get
the total amount exported of each product,
drag the following fields to the different
areas.
1.Product field to the Rows area.
2.Amount field to the Values area.
3.Country field to the Filters area.

Below you can find the pivot table.

Bananas are our main export product.
That's how easy pivot tables can be!
Sort
To get Banana at the top of
the list, sort the pivot table.
1.Click any cell inside the
Sum of Amount column.
2.Right click and click on
Sort, Sort Largest to
Smallest.

Result.
Filter
Because we added the Country field to the
Filters area, we can filter this pivot table by
Country. For example, which products do we
export the most to France?

1. Click the filter drop-down and

select France. Result. Apples

are our main export product to

France.
Note: you can use the standard filter (triangle next to
Row Labels) to only show the amounts of specific
products.

Change Summary Calculation

By default, Excel summarizes your data by either
summing or counting the items. To change the type of
calculation that you want to use, execute the following
steps.
1.Click any cell inside the Sum of Amount column.
2.Right click and click on Value Field Settings.
3. Choose the type of calculation
you want to use. For example, click
Count.
 4. Click OK.
Result. 16 out of the 28
orders to France were 'Apple'
orders.

Two-dimensional Pivot Table

If you drag a field to the Rows area and
Columns area, you can create a two-
dimensional pivot table. First, insert a
pivot table. Next, to get the total amount
exported to each country, of each product,
drag the following fields to the different
areas.
1.Country field to the Rows area.
2.Product field to the Columns area.
3.Amount field to the Values area.
4.Category field to the Filters area.
Below you can find the two-
dimensional pivot table.

To easily compare these numbers, create a

pivot chart and apply a filter. Maybe this is
one step too far for you at this stage, but it
shows you one of the many other powerful
pivot table features Excel has to offer.
Slicers
You can insert slicers in Excel to quickly and easily filter pivot tables. However, using the report filter gives
the exact same result.
Below you can find a two-dimensional pivot table.
To insert a slicer, execute the following steps.
1.Click any cell inside the pivot table.
2.On the Analyse tab, in the Filter group, click Insert Slicer.
3. Check Category and click OK.
4. For example, click Fruit to only show the fruit exported to each country.

Note: the report filter (cell B1) changes to Fruit. Hold down CTRL to include fruit and vegetables.
Pivot Chart
A pivot chart is the visual representation of a pivot table in Excel. Pivot charts and pivot tables are
connected with each other.

Insert Pivot Chart

To insert a pivot chart, execute the following
steps.
1.Click any cell inside the pivot table.
2.On the Analysis tab, in the Tools group,
click PivotChart.
The Insert Chart dialog box appears.
3. Click OK.
Below you can find the pivot chart.
 Filter Pivot Chart
To filter this pivot chart, execute
the following steps.
1. Use the standard filters
(triangles next to Product and
Country). For example, use the
Country filter to only show the
total amount of each product
exported to the United States.
2.Remove the Country filter.
3.Because we added the Category field to the Filters area, we can filter this pivot chart (and pivot table) by
Category. For example, use the Category filter to only show the vegetables exported to each country.
Change Pivot Chart Type
You can change to a different type of pivot
chart at any time.
1.Select the chart.
2.On the Design tab, in the Type group, click
Change Chart Type.
3. Choose Pie.
4. Click OK.
Note: pie charts always use one data series (in this case, Beans). To get a pivot chart of a country, swap the
data over the axis. First, select the chart. Next, on the Design tab, in the Data group, click Switch
Row/Column.

Result:
Dashboarding:
An Excel dashboard is one pager
(mostly, but not always necessary)
that helps managers and business
leaders in tracking key KPIs or
metrics and take a decision based on
it. It contains charts/tables/views that
are backed by data. A dashboard is
often called a report, however, not all
reports are dashboards.