DTEL (Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning , N Y S S,

India

Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global 1

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IV-SEMESTER
HYDRAULICS

CHAPTER NO.1
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

2
 CHAPTER 1:-SYLLABUS

1 Definition of fluid

2 Hydrostatics and hydrodynamics

3 Importance of Hydraulics

4 Physical properties of fluid

DTEL 3
 CHAPTER-1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE OUTCOME

The student will be able to:

1 Difference between fluids with solids.

2 Properties of fluids.

DTEL 4
 LECTURE 1:-PROPERTIES OF Introduction
FLUIDS

Definition of fluids

All matter can be divided into 2 major classes

1) Solid
2) Fluids

The difference between a solid and fluid can be defined by

1) The stress-strain relationship
2) The elasticity

DTEL 5
 LECTURE 1:-PROPERTIES OF Definition of fluid
FLUIDS

Solid
requires external forces to cause it to deform.

Fluid
will deform without the application of external
forces.
will take on the shape of the container in which
they are held.
-Ex. water, oil, gas etc.

DTEL 6
 LECTURE 1:-PROPERTIES OF Liquid and Gases
FLUIDS

Fluids can be classified into 2 forms of matter

1) Liquids
2) Gases

The difference between a liquid and gas can be defined by

1) The compressibility
2) The continuity

DTEL 7
 LECTURE 1:-PROPERTIES OF Continuity
FLUIDS
It is the state of being continuous.

Liquids
When a liquid is held in a container, its entire
mass will arrange itself so as to be in contact
with the bottom and the sides of that container,
and a well-defined surface of the liquid will form.

Gases
A gas held in a closed container will not form a
well-defined surface and will tend to fill the
entire container.

DTEL 8
 THANK YOU

DTEL 9
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Fluid Mechanics
FLUIDS

It is the branch of engineering science which deals with the

behaviour of the fluids at rest as well as in motion

HYDRAULICS- it is a topic in applied scienceand

engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquid
.

10

DTEL 10
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Classification of hydraulics
FLUIDS

Hydraulics has been classified in subtypes as -

•Hydrostatic
•Hydrodynamics-
•Hydrokinematic
•Hydrokinetics

11

DTEL 11
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Definitions
FLUIDS

Hydrostatics- It is the branch of hydraulics which deals

with the behavior of fluid at rest.

Hydrodynamics- It is the branch of hydraulics which

deals with the behavior of fluid in motion.

Hydro kinematic- It is the branch of hydraulics which

deals with the study of fluid in motion where pressure
forces are not considered.

Hydro kinetics- It is branch of hydraulic which deals with

the fluid in motion where the pressure forces are also
12
considered .
DTEL 12
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Behaviour of Liquids/solids
FLUIDS

Solid
-When external forces stress and deform solids, the solid
will regain their original shape when these external forces
are removed [Elasticity].

Fluid
-Fluid will continue to change shape in time even after the
removal of the external forces causing the deformation.

13

DTEL 13
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Importance of Hydraulics
FLUIDS

Knowledge of Hydraulics is used-

To measure velocity of flow an open channel.

To find out discharge flowing through pipes, channels .

To measure the pressure at any point with the help of

pressure measuring instruments.

To calculate total pressure , centre of pressure acting on

sides or bottom of tank, dam, etc
In field of irrigation and environmental engineering.

14

DTEL 14
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Physical properties of fluid
FLUIDS

Density ()
All matter can be divided into 2 major

Density is the mass of the fluid per unit volume

=M
V
 = Density of fluid, kg/m3
M = Mass of fluid, kg
V = Unit volume, m3

The density of water at 40C = 1,000 kg/m3 15

DTEL 15
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of fluids
FLUIDS
Capillary rise is a phenomenon in which water rises up to
the pipe to some height above the water level when dipped
in a container.

The height of the rise is given by the formula:

H=(4σcosØ)/(ρgd)

Specific gravity:
The ratio of specific weight of fluid to specific weight of pure
water at std. temp.

S= ρl/ ρw

DTEL 16
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of Fluids
FLUIDS

Specific Weight/Unit Weight ()

The specific weight is the weight of the fluid per unit
volume

=W
V
 = Specific weight, N/m3
W = Weight of fluid, N (W=mg)
V = Unit volume, m3

The specific weight of water at 40C = 9.81 kN/m3

17

DTEL 17
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of Fluids
FLUIDS

Viscosity ()
Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to internal
shear stresses.

 = h
v
 = Dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2 or Pa.s
 = Internal shear stress, N ( =F/A)
v = Velocity, m/s

18

DTEL 18
 LECTURE 2:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of Fluids
FLUIDS

Kinematic Viscosity ()

The kinematic viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of its dynamic
viscosity to its density.

=

 = kinematic viscosity, m2/s
 = Dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2 or Pa.s
 = Density of fluid, kg/m3

19

DTEL 19
 THANK YOU

DTEL 20
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of Fluids
FLUIDS

Surface Tension ()

The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at their
surface is called surface tensile.

21

DTEL 21
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Properties of fluid
FLUIDS

Compressibility:
to compress something into a small space.

Liquids
Liquids are considered to be incompressible.
Liquids only change in volume even when
subjected to very high pressure.

Gases
Gases are very compressible.
Their volume can increase/decrease when
subjected to slight variation in pressure.
22

DTEL 22
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Newtons law of viscosity
FLUIDS

Let
-A = the horizontal area of
each
layer
-h = the vertical distance
between their centerlines
-F = internal shear force

A thin layer of fluid The top layer will move with a

velocity, v relative to the
bottom layer
23

DTEL 23
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Newtons law of viscosity
FLUIDS

F = vA
h  = h  = v
 = F/A v h

If h 0  = v
h
Instantaneous rate of
deformation of fluid

Newton’s Law of
Viscosity 24
DTEL
2
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Types of Fluids
FLUIDS

Ideal Fluid :
-is unable to resist F
-the relative velocity would remain constant, even F is
removed

Real Fluid :
-is able to resist F due to
1) internal molecular activity
2) friction between the layers

25

DTEL 25
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Types Of Fluids
FLUIDS

Ideal fluid

Real fluid

Newtonian fluid

Non- Newtonian fluid

26

DTEL 26
 LECTURE 3:-PROPERTIES OF Types of Fluids
FLUIDS

Ideal fluid-an imaginary fluid that lacks viscosity and

thermal conductivity. There is no internal friction

Real fluid- A fluid, which possess some viscosity, is

known as real fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice, are real
fluids.

27

DTEL 27
 THANK YOU

DTEL 28
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Types Of Fluids
FLUIDS

Newtonian fluid- Fluids which obeys Newton’s law of

viscosity are called Newtonian fluid

Non- Newtonian fluid- Fluids which do mot obey

Newton’s law of viscosity are called Non-Newtonian fluid

29

DTEL 29
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Example 1
FLUIDS

All matter can be divided into 2 major

Determine the total mass and weight of the fluid in the
container in the figure if the fluid is
a) water
b) mercury, with S=13.6

Mw=22,400 kg, Ww=220 kN

Mm=304,600 kg, Ww=2,990 kN

30

DTEL 30
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Example 2
FLUIDS

If the total weight of the liquid in the figure is 505 KN,

determine the height of liquid if it is
a) water
b) oil, with s=0.85

h=10.5 m

h=12.3 m

31

DTEL 31
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Example 3
FLUIDS

Determine the dynamic viscosity of an oil with a kinematic

viscosity of 0.352x10-5 m2/s and a relative density of 0.88.

=310x10-5 Pa.s

32

DTEL 32
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Example 4
FLUIDS

A fluid has a specific weight of 9.345 kN/m3 and a dynamic

viscosity of 3.31x10-2 Pa.s. Determine its relative and mass
density and its kinematic viscosity.

S=0.95

=950 kg/m3

=3.48x10-5 m233
/s

DTEL 33
 LECTURE 4:-PROPERTIES OF Summary
FLUIDS

In this chapter we learned the meaning & branches of

Hydraulics . Particular importance of hydraulics in Irrigation
& Environmental engineering.

We have also studied basic meaning of various properties

of fluids.

34

DTEL 34
 LECTURE 4

THANK YOU

DTEL 35
 References Books:
“Fluid Mechanics” by R.K.Bansal
“Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics” by S.
Ramamrutham.
“Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic” by R.K.Rajput.
“Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic” by Dr.Jagdish
Lal.
References Web:
www.wikipedia.org\properties-of-fluids.html

DTEL 36