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Unit 3

The document outlines the principles of Control Engineering, detailing its application in various systems from household devices to aircraft. It covers components of control systems, feedback control, stability analysis, and the design of transfer functions using state variable models. Additionally, it discusses time and frequency response analysis, including Bode and Nyquist plots, and concepts of controllability and observability.

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23 views32 pages

Unit 3

The document outlines the principles of Control Engineering, detailing its application in various systems from household devices to aircraft. It covers components of control systems, feedback control, stability analysis, and the design of transfer functions using state variable models. Additionally, it discusses time and frequency response analysis, including Bode and Nyquist plots, and concepts of controllability and observability.

Uploaded by

ecehod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Engineering is applied to various simple household devices like washing

machine to fighter aircraft. Without this field, machines would not be able to operate
without human control.
i) To introduce the components and their representation of control systems
ii)To understand the concepts of feedback control and stability analysis in time
and frequency domain

i)Identify the various control system components and their representations


ii)Analyze the various time domain and frequency domain parameters
iii)Apply the concepts of various system stability criterion
iv)Design various transfer functions of digital control system using state variable
models

i) Circuit Analysis/EC8251
ii)Engineering Physics/PH8151
iii)Engineering Mathematics/MA8151
i)Unit I deals with control system components and its representation and the system
transfer function is obtained

ii)Time response and frequency response analysis of the system is performed.To


improve the performance of the system compensator is introduced

iii)From the transfer function,the stability of the system is analyzed

iv)Design various transfer functions of digital control system using state variable models
UNIT I SYSTEMS COMPONENTS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION
Control System: Terminology and Basic Structure-Feed forward and Feedback control
theoryElectrical and Mechanical Transfer Function Models-Block diagram Models-Signal flow
graphs models-DC and AC servo Systems-Synchronous -Multivariable control system

UNIT II TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS


Transient response-steady state response-Measures of performance of the standard first order
and second order system-effect on an additional zero and an additional pole-steady error
constant and system- type number-PID control-Analytical design for PD, PI,PID control
systems
UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Closed loop frequency response-Performance specification in frequency domain-Frequency
response of standard second order system- Bode Plot – Polar Plot- Nyquistplots-Design of
compensators using Bode plots-Cascade lead compensation-Cascade lag compensation-
Cascadel ag-lead compensation
UNIT IV CONCEPTS OF STABILITY ANALYSIS
Concept of stability-Bounded – Input Bounded – Output stability-Routh stability criterion-Relative
stability-Root locus concept-Guidelines for sketching root locus-Nyquist stability criterion.

UNITV CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING STATE VARIABLE METHODS State


variable representation-Conversion of state variable models to transfer functions-Conversion
of transfer functions to state variable models-Solution of state equations-Concepts of
Controllability and Observability-Stability of linear systems-Equivalence between transfer
function and state variable representations-State variable analysis of digital control system-
Digital control design using state feedback.
Unit III
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS

What is frequency response of a system?


 The frequency response of a system is defined as the steady-
state response of the system to a sinusoidal input signal.

 The sinusoid is a unique input signal, and the resulting output


signal for a linear system, as well as signals throughout the
system, is sinusoidal in the steady-state.
Bode Plot
Bode Plot is a (semi log) plot of the transfer
function magnitude and phase angle as a function
of frequency.
Frequency Response Plots
Polar Plots
Frequency Response
The transfer function can be separated into magnitude and phase angle
information
H(j) = |H(j)| Φ(j)

H(j)=Z(jw)
Bode Plot Construction
Y (s) k ( s  z1 )(s  z 2 ) 

R ( s ) ( s  p1 )( s  p2 )(s 2  as  b) 
Examples Of Control System
Examples Of Control System
Relative Stability
A transfer function is called minimum phase when all the poles and zeroes
are LHP and non-minimum-phase when there are RHP poles or zeroes.

Minimum phase system Stable

The gain margin (GM) is the distance on the bode magnitude plot from the
amplitude at the phase crossover frequency up to the 0 dB point. GM=-(dB
of GH measured at the phase crossover frequency)

The phase margin (PM) is the distance from -180 up to the phase at the
gain crossover frequency. PM=180+phase of GH measured at the gain
crossover frequency
Gain Margin
Gain and Phase Margin
Polar Frequency Response Plots
 Identical frequency responses plotted two ways:
🞑 Bode plot and polar plot
 Note uneven frequency spacing along polar plot curve
🞑 Dependent on frequency rates of change of gain and phase
Open‐Loop Frequency Response & Stability
Stability from Bode Plots
Open‐Loop Frequency Response & Stability
Complex Functional Mapping
Mapping of Contours
Nyquist Stability Criterion
Nyquist Stability Criterion
Nyquist Stability Criterion
Nyquist Stability Criterion
Crossover Frequencies
Gain Margin
Phase Margin

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