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Longitudinal Performance

The document discusses vehicle performance, focusing on dynamic wheel loads, the influence of grade, and the effects of aerodynamic forces on maximum acceleration and braking stability. It emphasizes the importance of friction limits and optimal distribution of drive and brake forces to achieve desired acceleration and deceleration while considering tilting limits. Additionally, it covers power-limited acceleration and the relationship between engine torque, transmission, and tractive force available at the ground.

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kashi761200
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8 views26 pages

Longitudinal Performance

The document discusses vehicle performance, focusing on dynamic wheel loads, the influence of grade, and the effects of aerodynamic forces on maximum acceleration and braking stability. It emphasizes the importance of friction limits and optimal distribution of drive and brake forces to achieve desired acceleration and deceleration while considering tilting limits. Additionally, it covers power-limited acceleration and the relationship between engine torque, transmission, and tractive force available at the ground.

Uploaded by

kashi761200
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vehicle Performance

Dynamic wheel Loads


Influence of Grade
Effect of Aerodynamic Forces
Maximum Acceleration (Tilting Limit)

• If we take the demands


Fz1 >= 0 and Fz2 >= 0 into
account,
• wheel lift off limit
Friction (Traction) Limits
The maximum acceleration is also restricted by the friction conditions

and
Assuming same friction coefficient at front and rear contact patches, the limiting values
of traction would be
and
The linear momentum equation in x-dir can now be written as

Resulting in the following


Single Axle Driving

With the rear axle driven in limit situations, and hold. Then, using the linear
momentum Equation we get

* The tilting limits need to be considered also


Single Axle Driving

Single-axle driven passenger car: µ = 1, h = 0:55 m, a1+a2 = 2.5 m


Single Axle Braking

With the rear axle driven in limit situations, and hold. Then, using the linear
momentum Equation we get

* The tilting limits need to be considered also


Single Axle Braking

the decelerations may be limited by the tilting


condition ,
which in the limit case yields

Single-axle braked passenger car: µ = 1, h = 0.55 m, a1+a2 = 2.5 m


Braking Stability
Braking Stability
Optimal Distribution of Drive and Brake Forces
The sum of the longitudinal forces accelerates or decelerates the vehicle. In dimensionless form

A certain acceleration or deceleration can only be achieved by different combinations of the longitudinal forces
and .
As the longitudinal forces are limited by wheel load and friction, the optimal combination of and will be
achieved when front and rear axle have the same skid resistance:

Which results in

}
Optimal Distribution of Drive and Brake Forces
The dimensionless longitudinal forces that grant the same skid resistance at both axles are
Optimal Distribution of Drive and Brake Forces
lines of constant acceleration and
constant deceleration are given by
Optimal Distribution of Drive and Brake Forces
Practical applications aim at approximating the optimal distribution of brake forces by a linear, a
limited, or a reduced distribution of brake forces as good as possible in a range of physical
interest that is bounded by the maximum possible friction coefficient

When braking, the stability of a vehicle depends on the potential of generating a lateral force at the rear axle. Thus, a
greater skid (locking) resistance is realized at the rear axle than at the front axle. Therefore, the brake force
distributions are all below the optimal curve in the physically relevant area. This restricts the achievable deceleration,
in particular at low friction values.
Braking on –Split 
Power-Limited Acceleration
The source of propulsive power is the engine. Engines may be characterized by their
torque and power curves as a function of speed
Powertrain
The torque delivered through the clutch as input to the transmission can be determined
by application of Newton’s Second Law as:

If the transmission inertia is characterized by its value on the input side, the output
torque can be approximated by the expression:
the torque delivered to the axles to accelerate the rotating wheels and provide tractive
force at the ground is amplified by the final drive ratio with some reduction from the
inertia of the driveline components between the transmission and final drive. The
expression for this is:

Now the rotational accelerations of the engine, transmission, and driveline are related to
that of the wheels by the gear ratios.
The tractive force available at the ground. Recognizing that the vehicle acceleration, ax, is the wheel rotational
acceleration, αw, times the tire radius, yields:

The effect of mechanical losses can be approximated by adding an efficiency value to the
first term on the right-hand side of the previous equation, giving:

The first term term represents the steady-state tractive force available at the ground to
overcome the road load forces of aerodynamics and rolling resistance, to accelerate, or to climb
a grade.

The second term in brackets indicates that the equivalent inertia of each component is
“amplified” by the square of the numerical gear ratio between the component and the wheels.
It represents the “loss” of tractive force due to
the inertia of the engine and drivetrain components
Knowing the tractive force, it is now possible to predict the acceleration performance of a vehicle. The expression for the
acceleration must consider all the and takes the form:
As a convenience, the rotational inertias from are often lumped in with the mass of the
vehicle to obtain a simplified equation of the form:

The combination of the two masses is an “effective mass,” and the ratio of (M + M r)/M is the
“mass factor.” The mass factor will depend on the operating gear, with typical values as
below
Braking on –Split 

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