Dept.

of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 1

A NOVEL CONTROL METHOD

OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
• Dr.M.Nandakumar
• Professor
• Department of Electrical engineering
• Govt. Engineering College
• Thrissur
 Dept. of EEE, GEC, Thrissur 2

Outline
• Introduction
• DC-DC converter topologies
• Buck converter
• Closed loop control of buck converter using PI controller
• One cycle control
• Buck converter using OCC
• Boost converter
• Boost converter using PI controller
• Boost converter using OCC
• One Cycle Control of Buck Boost converter
• Performance comparison of PI and OCC controller
• conclusion
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Introduction
• DC-DC converters are subjected to variable input/
variable output conditions

• Regulation of converter operation is an essential

requirement

• Closed loop controller is used for the regulation of out put

voltage
• 1. Line Regulation
• 2. Load regulation
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DC-DC conversion techniques –an introduction

C a s e 1 : V olta ge divide r C a s e 2 : L ine a r s e rie s re gula tor
10A
10A 10A
V dc = 100V + -
dc -dc 50V
V o = 50V V o =50V V o = 50V
c onve rte r 5 P lo ss =500W 5 LA & 5
V dc =100V V dc =100V BD V ref

L A & B D - L ine a r A m plifie r & ba s e drive r

P lo ss =500W

1
S L
V dc
2
Vo
C
 DC- DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
• Buck converter or step - down converter
• Boost converter or step - up converter
• Buck-Boost converter or step-down/up converter
• Cuk converter
• Full Bridge converter

Only step-down and step-up are the basic converter topologies

Both buck-boost and cuk converters are combination of these basic topologies
Full bridge converter is derived from step-down converter
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Switch-mode dc-dc converter

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Drawbacks and modifications of the circuit

Drawbacks
In practical circuits, load will be inductive (even for resistive load due to stray
inductance) leading to dissipate or absorb the inductive energy which may
destroy the switch

Output voltage fluctuates between 0 and Vd

Modifications

Problem of stored inductive energy is overcome using freewheeling diode

Output voltage fluctuation are very much diminished using Low pass Filter
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Buck converter (Step-down converter)

id

Low pass filter

io
L
+
iL +
vd
+ vL -
voi C vo=V0 R

_ _
_
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Sep-down dc-dc converter

id

Low pass filter

io
L
+
iL +
vd
+ vL -
voi C vo=V0 R

_ _
_

1
Cut off frequency of low pass filter, f c 
2 LC
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Step-down converter circuit states

(Continuous Conduction Mode)
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Volt-sec balance
(cont.)

Under steady state operation the integral of the inductor voltage v L over
one time period must be zero

Ts ton Ts

v
0
L dt  vL dt 
0
v
ton
L dt 0

(Vd  Vo )ton  ( V0 )(Ts  ton ) 0

Vo t
 on D
Vd Ts
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Buck converter (Step-down converter) in CCM

In Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), neglecting power losses associated with
all circuit elements, the input power Pd is equal to output power Po

Vd I d Vo I o
Io V 1
 d 
Id V0 D

Vo ton
 D
Vd Ts

Io is the average output current and Id is the average input current

Hence in CCM step – down converter is equivalent to a dc transformer (step
down)
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Closed loop control of buck converter

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Closed loop control of Buck Converter

(with fixed input)
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Closed loop control of Buck Converter

(with fixed input)-output voltage
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Buck converter using PI controller

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Transient performance of PI controller

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Closed loop control of Buck Converter

with input voltage perturbations - line
regulation
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Closed loop control of Buck converter

Input (changes form 14 V to 20V) and output
voltage wave forms using PI controller
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• In PWM control, the duty ratio is modulated in a direction

that reduces the error.
• When the input voltage is perturbed, that must be sensed
as an output voltage change and error produced in the
output voltage is used to change the duty ratio to keep the
output voltage to the reference value.
• This means it has slow dynamic response in regulating
the output in response to the change in input voltage.
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One cycle control (OCC)

One cycle control

• Non linear control technique.
• Uses the concept of control of average value of switching
variable.
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Buck converter using One Cycle control (OCC)
K. M. Smedley, “ Control Art of Switching Converters,”Ph.D. Thesis, California
Institute of Technology, 1990.

Controls the duty ratio of switch such that the average value of switched
variable is equal to or proportional to the control reference in each cycle

The output voltage of the buck converter is the average value of the switched
variable vs.

1
vint (t ) 
R1C f v
in (t )dt

 V 
  in  t
 RC
 1 f 
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Buck converter using One Cycle control (cont.)

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Power Source Perturbation Rejection

Vin
Vref

t
Vint Vref 1
v0 (t ) 
R1C f v in (t )dt

t  Vin 
  t
d(t)  RC
 1 f 

Ts t

Here, the input perturbation will immediately cause a change in slope of

the integration within one switching period. As a result duty ratio
changes and output voltage do not change even if power a source having
a disturbance.  V 
Ie if input suddenly increases the slope of integrator output (=  R C  ) in

  1 f

increases and it reaches the reference voltage V ref early and ON period
reduces and OFF period increases leading to reduction of duty ratio D
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Change in Reference Voltage

Vin
Vref

t
Vint Vref

t
d(t)

Ts t

When the control reference is perturbed by a large step up, the

time taken to reach the new control reference increase (slope of
integration remains the same since Vin is not changing));
therefore the duty ratio is larger. When the control reference is
lower, the duty ratio is smaller.
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Buck converter with one cycle control

Clock frequency =10 kHz

Or Clock period = 0.1msec
K= 1/Ts = 10000
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Buck converter with one cycle control (cont.)

Input voltage and output voltage
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during input voltage perturbation

• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC

(c) Output voltage using PI controller
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Buck converter using OCC with reference voltage

perturbation
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during output voltage reference perturbation

• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using

OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
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Step-up (Boost) Converter

id

+ vL
L

- io

+
vd
C vo=V0 R

_ _
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Volt-sec balance Boost converter

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Volt-sec balance Boost converter (cont.)

Boost converter circuit while Boost converter circuit while

the switch is position 1 the switch is position 2
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Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode

id

+ vL
L

io

-
+
vd
C vo=V0 R

_ _
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Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode

Inductor voltage in boost converter

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Boost Converter in Continuous Conduction Mode

(cont.)
In steady state the time integral of the inductor voltage over one time period
must be zero

Vd ton  (Vd  Vo )toff 0

Vd DTs  (Vd  V0 )(1  D )Ts 0
V0 1
 Vd I d V0 I 0
Vd 1  D
Assuming a lossless circuit, Pd = Po I0
(1  D )
Id

Io is the average output current and Id is the average input current

Hence in CCM step – up converter is equivalent to a dc transformer
(step up)
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Closed Loop Control of Boost Converter

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BOOST converter

Vd ton  (Vd  Vo )toff 0

Vd DTs  (Vd  V0 )(1  D )Ts 0
V0 1

Vd 1  D
• In closed loop, output voltage Vo should be equal to
reference voltage Vref,
• Hence equation can be rewritten as
𝑇 𝑂𝑁
1
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑑=𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 . 𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 −𝑉𝑑= ∫ 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑆 0
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Simulation of Boost converter using OCC

V
Vo  d Vref
1 D
TON
1
Vref  Vd DVref 
Ts V
0
ref dt
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during input voltage perturbation

• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC

(c) Output voltage using PI controller
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during output voltage reference perturbation

• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using

OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
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BUCK-BOOST Converter

Vd DTs  (  Vo )(1  D )Ts 0

Vo D

Vd 1  D

𝑇 𝑂𝑁
1
𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1− 𝐷)=𝑉𝑖𝑛 . 𝐷 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝑇𝑆
∫
0
(𝑉𝑖𝑛+ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) . 𝑑𝑡
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BUCK-BOOST Converter -OCC

In closed loop, the output voltage Vo should be equal to reference voltage Vref
Hence by rewriting the equation,

Vref (1  D) DVd
Vref D (Vd  Vref )
TON
1
Vref 
Ts (V
0
d  Vref )dt
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Closed loop control of Buck boost converter

using OCC

D
V0  Vd Vref
1 D
Vref (1  D) DVd
Vref D(Vd  Vref )
TON
1
Vref 
Ts (V
0
d  Vref )dt
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during input voltage perturbation

• (a)Input voltage perturbation (b) Output voltage using OCC

(c) Output voltage using PI controller
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Performance comparison between OCC and PI
during output voltage reference perturbation

• (a)output reference perturbation (b) Output voltage using

OCC (c) Output voltage using PI controller
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OCC vs. PI
OCC PI
Buck converter input voltage Settling time 6ms 35ms
variation
Maximum deviation from
0.8V 4.2V
steady state

Buck converter reference voltage Settling time 4ms 40ms

variation
Maximum deviation from
0.5V 0.2V
steady state

Boost converter input voltage Settling time 1ms 50ms

variation
Maximum deviation from
0.1V 9V
steady state

Boost converter reference voltage Settling time 10ms 25ms

variation
Maximum deviation from
1V 1V
steady state

Buck Boost converter input voltage Settling time 6ms 25ms

variation
Maximum deviation from
1V 5V
steady state

Buck Boost converter reference Settling time 4ms 25ms

voltage variation
Maximum deviation from
2V 2V
steady state
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PI Vs. OCC :-Settling time performance

60

50

40

30 OCC
PI

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

1:- buck input perturbation 2:- buck output reference perturbation

3:- boost input perturbation 4:- boost output reference perturbation
5:- buck boost input perturbation 6:- buck boost output reference
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Conclusion
• Compared to PI controller, OCC gives a better transient
performance for DC-DC converter.

• Less settling time

• Less maximum deviation from steady state

• Can find wide applications in drives and renewable energy

sources.
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