CLINICAL

PSYCHOLOGY
Resource Person: Iqra Kiran
Department of Psychology
CUST, ISB
 Rules and Regulations

• 10 minutes Rule for Attendance

• Regularity (12 leaves allowed)
• Class discipline: Zero tolerance
 Seat rotation/Whispering- not allowed
 Do not use mobile phones during class - Disciplinary action
 Respect other’s opinion
• Meet deadlines –Assignment late submissions (negative
marking) – Quiz –No Retakes
 Grading Policy

Areas Total Numbers of Assessments Percentage

Assignment 4 (2 - Before Mids + 2 - After Mids) 20%

Quizzes 4 (2 - Before Mids + 2 - After Mids) 20%
Mid exams 1 20%
Final exams 1 40%
Total 100
 Discuss

Pre-requisite
Pre-requisite Course
Course Outline
Outline

● Which Course? ● Review

01 Introduction
to
Clinical
Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Week 1 (e-book)
History of Clinical Psychology
Evolution of Clinical Psychology

Week 2
Models in Clinical Psychology
Difference from other related fields
 Definitions of Clinical Psychology:

The term clinical psychology was first used in print by Lightner Witmer in 1907.

Witmer was also the first to operate a psychological clinic (Benjamin, 1996, 2005).

Witmer envisioned clinical psychology as a discipline with similarities to a variety of other fields,
specifically medicine, education, and sociology. A clinical psychologist, therefore, was a
person whose work with others involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal
issues.

At his clinic, the first clients were children with behavioral or educational problems. However,
even in his earliest writings, Witmer (1907) foresaw clinical psychology as applicable to
 Introduction to Clinical
Psychology
● An accurate, comprehensive, contemporary definition of clinical psychology would need to
be more inclusive and descriptive. The Division of Clinical Psychology (Division 12) of
the American Psychological Association (APA) defines clinical psychology as follows:

Definitions of Clinical Psychology:

“The field of Clinical Psychology integrates science, theory, and practice to understand,
predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote
human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development. Clinical Psychology focuses on
the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of
human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic
levels”
(APA, 2012)
McFall’s Manifesto (policy statement)-Pointing to quality-control problems in the field,

● Cardinal Principle
○ Scientific clinical psychology is the only legitimate (legal) and acceptable form
of clinical psychology.
● First Corollary:
○ Psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under
strict experimental conditions) until they have met the following four minimal
criteria:
Criterion 1: The exact nature of the service must be described clearly.
Criterion 2: The claimed benefits of the service must be stated
explicitly.
Criterion 3: These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically.
Criterion 4: Possible negative side effects that might outweigh any
benefits must be ruled out empirically.
● Second Corollary
The primary and overriding objective of doctoral programs in clinical
psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists
possible.
 The Roots of Clinical Psychology

● Mental disturbances arose from natural causes, rather than from

demonic possession.
● Among the early Greek scholars in the period of 500–300 B.C.,
Hippocrates (often called the father of medicine) emphasized what
is now known as a biopsychosocial approach to understanding both
physical and psychological disorders (i.e., biological,
psychological, and social influences on health and illness must be
considered).
 Cont..

● In the late 1500s, St. Vincent de Paul proposed that mental and
physical illnesses were caused by natural forces and that the
extreme manifestations of mental disturbances such as psychotic
behavior were not caused by witchcraft or by satanic possession.
 Cont..

● Unfortunately, the dominant approach to the treatment of

mental illness in Europe and North America in the
subsequent centuries was anything but humane.
● Those suffering from severe mental illness were isolated
in asylums-specialized medical care for severe mental
issues, most of which were far from conducive to the
promotion of mental health.
 Period of enlightenment
● The methods of science could be applied to all natural
phenomena, including the human experience.
● In the late 1700s, chains were removed from all mental
patients and that patients were started to be treated
humanely.
 Cont..

● Ideas of appropriate care and establishment of a country

retreat in which patients lived and worked.
● Moral therapy (a treatment philosophy that encouraged the
use of compassion and patience rather than physical
punishment or restraints).
History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology

● Francis Galton studied individual differences among

people, especially differences in motor skills and reaction
times, which he believed were related to differences in
intelligence.
● In Germany, Wilhelm Wundt, who studied sensation and
perception, established the first psychology laboratory and
was a central figure in advocating for psychology as the
study of human experience.
 Cont..

● French schools and requirement of the cognitive tests.

● Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon were invited to develop a strategy
to measure mental skills that could yield information relevant to the
identification of children with limited intelligence.
● The two colleagues had developed the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence,
which consisted of more than 50 tests of mental skills that could be
administered to children between the ages of 3 and 13 years.
 Cont..

● In 1916, Lewis Terman published a modification of this scale for use in the
United States––the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test––that was the first
widely available, scientifically based test of human intelligence.
● Therefore, a committee of the relatively newly established American
Psychological Association (APA, established in 1892) was struck to
develop a system for classifying the men in terms of their mental
functioning.
 Cont..

● Within a short time the committee developed a measure of verbal

mental abilities, called the Army Alpha test.
● The committee also developed a test of nonverbal mental abilities,
the Army Beta test, for assessing recruits who were unable to read
or who had limited English language skills.
 Cont..
● In 1939 with the release of the Wechsler test.
● The 1930s and emergence of projective tests
● Intelligence tests measure performance on a task, and paper and pencil
personality tests are based on self-description, projective tests are predicated
on the notion that an individual’s interpretation of a situation is determined by
his or her personality characteristics.
● A person’s response to an ambiguous stimulus is presumed to tell us
something about the person’s mental functioning.
● One of the most influential and widely used projective tests, the Rorschach
inkblot test, was published by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921
 Cont..

● TAT, HTP later on.

● The assessment milestone of the 1940s was unquestionably the publication of the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) by psychologist Starke
Hathaway in 1943.
● The MMPI was, for many years to come, the epitome of the criterion-oriented approach
to psychological test construction.
● In the 1980s, the publication of the third edition of the American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) led to
increased attention on the value of structured interview approaches to gathering
diagnostic information.
 History of Intervention in Clinical Psychology

● The work of Sigmund Freud and the development of psychoanalysis.

● Freud is credited with developing the first elaborated approach to the
psychotherapeutic treatment of common psychological difficulties.
● Publication of his book “The Interpretation of Dreams” marked an
important milestone.
● Carl Jung and Alfred Adler joined Freud to develop and promote a
psychoanalytic approach to the understanding and treatment of mental
disorders.
● Ultimately, they and other followers split from Freud to develop their own
theories and interventions.
 CONT..
● Alfred Adler’s approach, for example, focused on the role
of societal forces and social pressures in the development of
personality and the treatment of disorders.
● His theory emphasized the impact of birth order on
personality and the impact of social comparison processes in
which we may underestimate or overestimate our personal
strengths and weaknesses.
 Cont..
● The 1940s and 1950s also saw a proliferation in the forms of psychotherapy
available to the public.
● In 1942 of Carl Rogers’ book Counseling and Psychotherapy.
● Rogers’ approach was rooted in an assumption that people were inherently
capable of developing in a positive, healthy manner.
● The primary goal of therapy, therefore, was to provide a supportive
environment in which clients could reconnect with their emotions, their
losses, and their aspirations and thereby discover their true potential for
growth.
 Cont..
● In the early 1960s Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Therapy.
● Using learning principles such as contingencies (behavior r/s with
consequences), shaping, and reinforcement, behavior modification and
behavior therapy became widely used during this time to address
problems as diverse as self-injurious behavior, phobic avoidance,
hyperactive behavior, and sexual dysfunction.
 Cont..
● The publication in the late 1970s of two influential books laid the
foundation of what is now known as cognitive-behavior therapy.
● Cognitive-Behavior Modification: An Integrated Approach
● Cognitive Therapy of Depression: A Treatment Manual by Aaron Beck.
● The 1980s and 1990s saw several key developments in the history of
psychotherapy. During this time, there was a dramatic increase in the
amount of research on psychotherapy.
Timeline of Key Historical Events in Clinical Psychology
Timeline of Key Historical Events in Clinical Psychology
Timeline of Key Historical Events in Clinical Psychology
 Concluding remarks

● Lack of awareness regarding the role of Clinical psychology.

● In tracing the history of psychological assessment,
intervention, and prevention, it is clear that systematic
observation and evaluation is a hallmark of clinical psychology.