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Lesson 3 Matter in The Solid Phase

Chapter 3 discusses the properties of solids, emphasizing interparticle forces that give solids their definite shape and volume. It explains the effects of temperature on solids, including melting points and the concept of sublimation, as well as the classification of solids into amorphous and crystalline types. The chapter further elaborates on various types of crystalline solids, including metallic, ionic, molecular, and covalent network crystals, along with the concept of polymorphism and allotropes.

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9 views13 pages

Lesson 3 Matter in The Solid Phase

Chapter 3 discusses the properties of solids, emphasizing interparticle forces that give solids their definite shape and volume. It explains the effects of temperature on solids, including melting points and the concept of sublimation, as well as the classification of solids into amorphous and crystalline types. The chapter further elaborates on various types of crystalline solids, including metallic, ionic, molecular, and covalent network crystals, along with the concept of polymorphism and allotropes.

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nutwjdf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 3:

MATTER IN THE SOLID


PHASE
Prepared by: Tristan Alfin C. Ducut, RN, LPT
Section 1
Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solid

 The properties observed in solids like those in


liquids can be explained through the
interparticle forces within them.
 Recall that in solids, the particles are more
attracted with one another which allows them
to be in contact in fixed positions, thus,
occupying specific amounts of space. This
explains the definite shape and volume of
solids.
 Also, the particles have less kinetic energy so
movement of the particles is very limited,
Section 1
Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solid

 An increase in the temperature of a solid


brings about an increase in the kinetic energy
of the particles and may cause them to move
about but still within the limits of the
attractive forces holding them.
 Expansion or increase in volume does take
place, but this volume change is very small.
(This is exemplified by a piece of iron rod
which when heated, is observed to have
volume expansion. However, the measured
and computed values of the expansion are
Section 1
Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solid

 Outside or external pressure has very little


effect on the volume of a solid. Unless the
individual particles are deformed, no
significant compression and consequent
change in the volume results. Solids are
therefore said to be incompressible.
 If heat is added to a solid and the molecular
motion increases sufficiently, the attractive
forces are overcome so that the particles are
no longer held in fixed positions. They become
mobile like liquid particles; the solid melts.
Section 1
Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solid

 The temperature at which a solid melts


(changes into liquid) is called the melting
point.
 It depends on the strength of the attractive
forces of the atoms, ions, or molecules that
compose it: the stronger the attractive force,
the higher the melting point.
 The amount of heat required to completely
melt a solid, once it has reached its melting
point, its called its heat of fusion.
Section 1
Interparticle Forces and Properties of Solid

 Vapor Pressure of a Solid. It is not common


to think of a solid exerting vapor pressure.
The attractive forces among the particles of
the solid are supposed to keep them in the
solid state until it starts to melt. However, like
in liquids, some particles in solids may have
the minimum energy to escape from the
surface and pass to a gas or vapor without
becoming liquid. The change from solid to gas
without passing through the liquid state is
called sublimation.
Section 2
Types of Solid
 Classes of Solids
 1. Amorphous Solid. The word amorphous means
that the solid does not always adopt the same form.
Its constituent particles are randomly arranged.
Examples are asphalt, rubber, glass, and plastic.
These solids are the results of the melting, cooling,
and solidifying of liquids before the particles can
achieve internal order, (like glass) or having large
molecules that are tangled together (like rubber and
plastic.) Amorphous solids do not have sharp
melting points, that is, melting within a narrow
temperature range. Instead, they soften first and
melt little by little over a wide temperature range.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Classes of Solids
 2. Crystalline Solids. It is a solid in which
the constituent particles (atoms, ions, or
molecules) have an orderly arrangement, that
is, it has regularly arranged structure units
with characteristic geometric forms. Thus,
crystals show regular shapes which reflect the
arrangement of the particles within them.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Types of Crystalline Solids


 1. Metallic crystals are the simplest type of
structure since single metallic atoms are the
constituent units. The geometric shape is
determined by the most efficient way in which
its spherical atoms can be packed. There are
two choices: the face-centered cubic packing
and the hexagonal close-packing.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Types of Crystalline Solids


 2. Ionic crystals have ions as constituent
particles. This is exemplified by the sodium
chloride crystal. The positively charged Na +
and Cl- ions arrange themselves in a regular
three-dimensional pattern of a crystal lattice.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Types of Crystalline Solids


 3. Molecular crystals are those which have
molecules as constituent particles as well as
structure units. Weak van der Waals forces of
attraction hold them together. Solid iodine (I2)
molecules in crystalline form exemplify this type.
Solid iodine sublimes readily and has a rather low
melting point. These are common characteristic
properties of molecular crystal. Solids like iodine,
camphor, menthol, and naphthalene are
recognized readily by their odor, an evidence
that they are undergoing sublimation.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Types of Crystalline Solids


 4. Covalent network crystals are giant
molecules or macromolecules. They consist of
very large numbers of atoms linked by a network
of covalent bonds. These molecules may build
up in one direction as long chains which form
fibrous crystals like asbestos. Those developed
in two dimensions are found in layer lattices like
mica and graphite. In another crystalline form of
carbon, diamond, the atoms are linked by
covalent bonds in three dimensions. In effect,
the entire crystal is a single molecule.
Section 2
Types of Solid

 Polymorphism is the property shown by


substances which have molecules or ions that can
assume more than one stable arrangement in the
solid state.
 The different molecular forms or various crystal
modifications of a polymorphous element are
known as allotropes. The element carbon has two
allotropic forms, diamond and graphite. In 1985, a
third form was discovered, buckminsterfullerene. It
is more popularly called bucky ball because its 60
or more carbon atoms are arranged in a pattern
that looks like a soccer ball.

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