Parallel and

Perpendicular Lines
Geometry
Chapter 3
 This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
◦ Big Ideas Geometry
◦ By Larson and Boswell
◦ 2022 K12 (National Geographic/Cengage)
 Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
[email protected]
 3.1 Pairs of Lines and
Angles
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can identify lines and planes.
• I can identify parallel and perpendicular lines.
• I can identify pairs of angles formed by transversals.
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
Parallel Lines ||
Lines that do NOT intersect and are coplanar
Lines go in the same direction

Skew Lines
Lines that do NOT intersect and are on different planes
Lines go in different directions
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
 Name the lines through point H that
appear skew to

 Name the lines containing point H that

appear parallel to

 Name a plane that is parallel to plane

CDE and contains point H
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
 In a plane, two lines are either
◦ Parallel
◦ Intersect

Parallel Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one
line through the point parallel to the given line.

Perpendicular Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one
line through the point perpendicular to the given line.
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
Transversal
Line that intersects two coplanar lines

Interior 
angles that are between the lines
2, 3, 5, 6 412
3
Exterior 
angles that are outside of the lines 5 6
1, 4, 7, 8 8 7
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
Alternate interior angles
interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal
2 and 5, 3 and 6

1
4 2
Alternate exterior angles 3
exterior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal 5 6
1 and 8, 4 and 7 8 7
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
Consecutive interior angles
interior angles on the same side of the transversal
2 and 6, 3 and 5

1
4 2
Corresponding angles 3
angles on the same location relative to the
transversal 5 6
1 and 6, 2 and 7,
3 and 8, 4 and 5 8 7
3.1 Pairs of Lines and Angles
 Classify the pair of numbered angles

 125 #2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36 = 20
 3.2 Parallel Lines and
Transversals
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can use properties of parallel lines to find angle measures.
• I can prove theorems about parallel lines.
3.2 Parallel Lines and Transversals
 Draw parallel lines on a piece of notebook paper, then draw a
transversal.

 Use the protractor to measure all the angles.

 What types of angles are congruent?

◦ (corresponding, alt interior, alt exterior)
 How are consecutive interior angles related?
◦ (supplementary)
3.2 Parallel Lines and Transversals
Corresponding Angles Postulate
If 2 || lines are cut by trans., then the corrs  are 

Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

If 2 || lines are cut by trans., then the alt int  are 
Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
If 2 || lines are cut by trans., then the alt ext  are 

Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem

If 2 || lines are cut by trans., then the cons int  are supp.
 3.2 Parallel Lines and Transversals
 If m1 = 105°, find m4, m5, and m8.
Tell which postulate or theorem you use in
each case

 If m3 = 68° and m8 = (2x + 4)°, what is

the value of x?
3.2 Parallel Lines and Transversals
 Prove that if 2 || lines are cut by a trans, then the ext angles on the
same side of the trans are supp. ℓ q
1
 Given: p || q
3
 Prove: 1 and 2 are supp. p
2
Statements Reasons
3.2 Parallel Lines and Transversals
 131 #2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 38 =
20 total
 3.3 Proofs with Parallel
Lines
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can use theorems to identify parallel lines.
• I can prove theorems about identifying parallel lines.
3.3 Prove Lines are Parallel
Corresponding Angles Converse
If 2 lines are cut by trans. so the corrs  are , then the lines are ||.

Alternate Interior Angles Converse

If 2 lines are cut by trans. so the alt int  are , then the lines are ||.

Alternate Exterior Angles Converse

If 2 lines are cut by trans. so the alt ext  are , then the lines are ||.

Consecutive Interior Angles Converse

If 2 lines are cut by trans. so the cons int  are supp., then the lines are
||.
3.3 Prove Lines are
Parallel
 Is there enough information to
conclude that m || n?

 Can you prove that the lines are

parallel? Explain.
m 1 + m 2 = 180°
3.3 Prove Lines are
Parallel
Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they are
parallel to each other.

 Paragraph proofs
◦ The proof is written in sentences.
◦ Still need to have the statements and reasons.
3.3 Prove Lines are
Parallel
 Write a paragraph proof to prove that if 2 lines are cut by a
trans. so that the alt int s are , then the lines are ||.

 Given: 4  5
 Prove: g || h
3.3 Prove Lines are
Parallel
If you use the diagram at the right to prove the Alternate Exterior Angles


Converse, what GIVEN and PROVE statements would you use?

 138 #2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39, 41, 44, 45, 49 =
20 total
 3.4 Proofs with
Perpendicular Lines
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can find the distance from a point to a line.
• I can prove theorems about perpendicular lines.
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
Distance
From point to line: length of segment from point and  to line

Between two || lines: length of segment  to both lines

3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
 Find the distance from point A to .
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines

Linear Pair Perpendicular Theorem

If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of congruent
angles, then the lines are perpendicular.
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular Transversal Theorem
If a trans. is  to 1 of 2 || lines, then it is  to the other.

Lines  to a Transversal Theorem

In a plane, if 2 lines are  to the same line, then they are ||
to each other.
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
 Prove the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem using the
diagram and the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem.
 Given: h || k, j  h
 Prove: j  k
Statements Reasons
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
 Is b || a?

 Is b  c?

 146 #2, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 34, 40, 42, 45, 46 = 15 total
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can partition directed line segments using slope.
• I can use slopes to identify parallel and perpendicular lines.
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Partitioning a Directed Line Segment
◦ Segment from A to B

◦ Want the ratio of AP to PB to be something like 3

to 2
◦ That means there are 3 + 2 = 5 pieces
◦ Point P is of the way from A
◦ Find the rise and run
◦ Multiply the rise and run by the fraction and add
to point A
◦ The result is the coordinates of P
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Find the coordinates of point F
along the directed line segment
CD so that the ratio of CF to FD is
3 to 5.
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines

(x2, y2)

rise

(x1, y1) run

3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Positive Slope
◦ Rises

 Zero Slope
0
◦ Horizontal –
+
 Negative Slope
◦ Falls No

 No Slope (Undefined)
There’s No Slope to
◦ Vertical stand on.
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
Slopes of Parallel Lines
In a coordinate plane, 2 nonvertical lines are parallel iff they have the
same slope.
And, any 2 vertical lines are parallel.
m1 = 2; m2 = 2

Slopes of Perpendicular Lines

In a coordinate plane, 2 nonvertical lines are perpendicular iff the
products of their slopes is -1.
Or, Slopes are negative reciprocals.
And, horizontal lines are perpendicular to vertical lines
m1 = 2; m2 = -½
3.5A Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Tell whether the lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
◦ Line 1: through (–2, 8) and (2, –4)
◦ Line 2: through (–5, 1) and (–2, 2)

 154 #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 53, 54, 57 = 13 total

3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
Objectives: By the end of the lesson,
• I can write equations of parallel and perpendicular lines.
• I can find the distance from a point to a line.
3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Slope-intercept form of a line
◦ y = mx + b
 m = slope
 b = y-intercept
 To write equations of lines using slope-intercept form
◦ Find the slope
◦ Find the y-intercept
 It is given or,
 Plug the slope and a point into y = mx + b and solve for b
◦ Write the equation of the line by plugging in m and b into y = mx + b
3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Write an equation of the line that passes through (1, 5) and is parallel
to the line with the equation y = 3x – 5.
3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Write an equation of the line perpendicular to the line in the graph and
passing through (3, 1).
3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Find the distance from a point to a line
◦ Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the given line and
passing through the point.
◦ Use a graph or system of equations to find where the lines intersect.
◦ Find the distance between the given point and the point of
intersection.
3.5B Equations of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
 Find the distance from the point (6, −2) to the line y = 2x − 4.

 154 #12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 36, 38, 46, 62, 64 = 12 total