INTRODUCTI

ON TO
COMPUTING
Week 1 – OPERATING SYSTEM
Prepared by:
Prof. SHERILENE PAMINTUAN,
MIT
 Introduction
Week 1 focuses on Operating System,
its functions, features and objectives.

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be
able to:
• Familiarize with Operating System
• Learn its functions and objectives
• Site some types of OS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 1.1.1 OS INTRODUCTION

An Operating System (OS) acts as an interface connecting a

computer user with the hardware of the computer. An operating
system falls under the category of system software that performs
all the fundamental tasks like file management, memory
handling, process management, handling the input/output, and
governing and managing the peripheral devices like disk drives,
networking hardware, printers, etc.
Windows, macOS, and Linux are the most common OS used for computers;
macOS is proprietary product of Apple while Linux is an open source OS
Mobile devices also have operating systems, Android and iOS are the
two most used operating system globally
 1.1.2 OS MANAGEMENT TASKS

• Processor management which involves putting the tasks into order and pairing them
into manageable size before they go to the CPU.

• Memory management which coordinates data to and from RAM (random-access

memory) and determines the necessity for virtual memory.

• Device management which provides interface between connected devices.

• Storage management which directs permanent data storage.

• Application which allows standard communication between software and your

computer.

• User interface which allows you to communicate with your computer.

1.1.3 FUNCTIONS OF OS

• It boots the computer

• It performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various peripheral
devices e.g. mouse, keyboard
• It provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface
(GUI)
• It handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the
central processing unit(CPU) time by various applications or peripheral
devices.
• It provides file management which refers to the way that the operating
system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data.
• Error Handling is done by the operating system. It takes preventive
measures whenever required to avoid errors.
Quick Exercise – True or
False
1. One of the function of OS is to boot the computer

2. An operating system can only be used by computers

3. Peripheral devices are not under the scope of OS

Quick Exercise – True or
False
1. One of the function of OS is to boot the computer - TRUE

2. An operating system can only be used by computers - FALSE

3. Peripheral devices are not under the scope of OS - FALSE

1.2.1 EARLY EVOLUTION OF
OS
• 1945: ENIAC, Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania.
• 1949: EDSAC and EDVAC
• 1949: BINAC - a successor to the ENIAC
• 1951: UNIVAC by Remington
• 1952: IBM 701
• 1956: The interrupt
• 1954-1957: FORTRAN was developed
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerica
Integrator and Computer)

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete

Variable Automatic
Computer)
1.2.1 EARLY EVOLUTION OF OS (1960s)

1961 1960s 1967–1968

The dawn of minicomputers Disks became mainstream Mouse was invented.

Minicomputers got cheaper, more

IBM System/360 powerful, and really useful.

1964 1966
1.2.1 EARLY EVOLUTION OF OS (Accomplishment
after 1970s)
1983
1971: Intel 1990 1992 The
1973: UNIX 1974 The Microsoft
announces Microsoft first
4th Edition Personal 1976: begins
the Windows Windows 2007: iOS
is Computer Apple II work on
microproce 3.0 comes virus
published Age begins MS-
ssor out comes out
Windows

1972: IBM
comes out 1974:
August 12,
with VM: Gates and 1984 Apple 1993
1973: 1981: IBM 1991 2008:
the Virtual Allen wrote Macintosh Windows
Ethernet introduces GNU/Linux Android OS
Machine BASIC for comes out NT
the IBM PC
Operating the Altair
System
1.3.1 OBJECTIVES OF OS
An operating system consists of a special program that controls the execution of the application
program. The OS acts as an intermediary between applications and hardware components. OS can
be thought of as having three objectives. These are:

• Convenience: It makes a computer more suitable to use.

• Efficiency: It provides the computer system resources with efficiency and in easy to use format.

• Ability to develop: It should be built in such a way that it permits the efficient development,

testing, and installation of new system functions without interfering with service.
1.3.2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF
OS
At an upper level of any computer architecture, a computer is supposed
to have a processor, memory and some I/O components, with one or
more quantities of each type. These components are interrelated and
connected in a way to achieve the major function of the computer, which
is to execute programs. So, there are four key structural elements of any
computer.
 1.3.2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF OS

• Processor: It controls the processes within the computer and carries out
its data processing functions. When there is only one processor
available, it is in combination termed as the central processing unit
(CPU), which you must be familiar with.

• Main memory: It stores data and programs within it. This memory is
typically volatile and is also called primary memory. This is because
when the computer is shut down, the contents that are within the
memory gets lost. In contrast, the contents of disk memory are kept
hold of even when the computer system is turned off which you call as
shutting down of Operating system or computer. Main memory is also
termed as real memory.
Windows OS
1.4.1 Kinds of OS -
Windows
Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer
operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run
personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface
(GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC
market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.
 1.4.1.1 Key features of Windows OS

Control Panel
The Control Panel is a collection of tools to help you configure and manage the resources on your
computer. You can change settings for printers, video, audio, mouse, keyboard, date and time, user
accounts, installed applications, network connections, power saving options, and more.

Cortana
Cortana is a virtual assistant introduced in Windows 10 that accepts voice commands. Cortana can answer
questions, search your computer or Internet, set appointments and reminders, perform online purchases,
and more. Cortana has similarities to other voice-activated services, such as Siri, Alexa, or Google
Assistant, with the added benefit that it can search the information on your computer.

Desktop
The desktop is a fundamental part of the default GUI (graphical user interface) in Windows. It is a space
where you can organize applications, folders, and documents, which appear as icons. Your desktop is
always in the background, behind any other applications you're running.
 1.4.1.1 Key features of Windows OS

Device Manager
The Device Manager lists the hardware devices installed in a computer. It allows users to see what
hardware is installed, view and update hardware drivers, and uninstall hardware through the
Device Manager.

Disk Cleanup
The Disk Cleanup utility helps increase free disk space on your computer by removing temporary
or unnecessary files. Running Disk Cleanup helps improve your computer's performance, and
create additional space to store your downloads, documents, and programs.

File Explorer
The File Explorer, also called Windows Explorer, provides you with a view of the files and folders on
the computer. You can browse the contents of your SSD, hard drive, and attached removable disks.
You can search for files and folders, and open, rename, or delete them from the File Explorer.
macOS
1.4.2 Kinds of OS - macOS
Mac OS, operating system (OS) developed by the American computer
company Apple Inc. The OS was introduced in 1984 to run the company’s
Macintosh line of personal computers (PCs). The Macintosh heralded the
era of graphical user interface (GUI) systems, and it inspired Microsoft
Corporation to develop its own GUI, the Windows OS.
 1.4.2.1 Key features of macOS

Design
Apple is famed for the design of its hardware, so the expectation is that the software design will
be similarly beautiful. macOS is designed for high-res Retina displays. The displays with high
resolutions and the interface takes advantage of that with little touches that wouldn't look as
good on a lower-resolution display, such as elegant, thin typefaces and transparency effects.

User Interface
Smooth flow of usage, transferring and transitioning of processes and or screens

Availability
The ability to share your Desktop and Documents folders across multiple Macs. So if you were
working on something and saved it on your Desktop on one Mac it would be accessible from the
Desktop on another Mac you were signed in on. This is useful if you work on more than one Mac -
say one in the office and one at home.
 1.4.2.1 Key features of macOS

macOS & iOS

There might be two operating systems: iOS and macOS, but that doesn't mean that they are foreign
territories. One of the things we love about macOS and iOS is the way that the two operating
systems link all our Apple devices together. This is described as Continuity by Apple and it's a
feature that's been around for a few years.

Security
The Mac is generally considered to be safe and more secure than a PC. Apple has included a number
of security measures that make attacking a Mac particularly challenging.

Photo Editing
Due to high resolution and hardware technology of Apple, editing of images are better and smoother
when using macOS
Linux OS
1.4.3 Kinds of OS – Linux
OS
Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed operating
system for computers, servers, mainframes, mobile devices and
embedded devices. It is supported on almost every major computer,
making it one of the most widely supported operating systems.
 1.4.3.1 Key features of Linux OS

Availability
One of the best feature of Linux OS, it has many versions (distributions/distributors) and are
completely free including its updates

Constant and efficient improvements

Linux updates happen through the global collaboration of developers. Bugs are documented and
resolved much quicker with this type of support. Also, since the developers are also the end-users they
have the proper motivation to make sure it meets user’s needs and that it is designed to run well.

Lightweight
Linux’s requirements for running on a system are much lower than that of Windows or Mac. With the
right Linux distribution a user can have a modest setup and Linux will give the system value. Disk
space and memory footprint can also be lower too. Some distributions are suitable for CPUs dating
back to the Pentium family, others have a requirement of as little as 128MB of RAM and around the
same amount for disk space.
 Resources

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC#:~:text=ENIAC%20(%2F%CB%88%C9%9Bni,of%20n
umerical%20problems%22%20through%20reprogramming
.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC
• https://www.w3schools.in/operating-system-tutorial
• https://www.studytonight.com/operating-system
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/Windows-OS
• https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001967.htm
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/Mac-OS
• https://www.macworld.co.uk/review/mac-software/macos-vs-windows-3644219
• https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/why-use-linux-11-reasons-linux-is-awesome/