INQUIRIES,

INVESTIGATIONS,
IMMERSION
Leah B. Bermudez
SUJECT TEACHER
Mixed-Approach
Designs

Vargas Badillo, C. F., & León Amaya, J. D. (2019). Mixed-Approach Designs

[PowerPoint slides].
What is Mixed Methods Research
Design?
 A procedure for collecting, analyzing,
and “mixing” both quantitative and
qualitative methods in a single Assumption
study or a series of studies. (Creswell,
2012. p. 535)
The uses of both quantitative and
qualitative methods, in combination,
• A mixed methods study involves the provide a better understanding
collection of both quantitative and of the research problem and
qualitative data in a single study. question than either method by
(Dorney, 2007. p. 163) itself.

• Mixed methods research (combining

qualitative and quantitative
research methods and analysis) is
becoming increasingly popular and
more clearly articulated within
classroom research. (Williams, 2015. p.
101)
When to conduct a Mixed Method
Study?
• When you have both quantitative and qualitative data and they both
provide a better understanding of your research problem than either on
their own.

• If you seek to build on the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative

data.
[outcomes of a study + the process = “a complex” picture of
social phenomenon]

• When one type of research is not enough. Creswell, 2012. p. 535

• When you want to provide an alternative perspective in a study.

The Development of Mixed Methods
Research
Synthesis
Methods

Integrating Quan & Qual

Methods Methods

Mixed
Methods

Creswell, 2013. p. 266

Mixed
Multimethod
Methodology
The Development of Mixed Methods
Research
• 1959  Campbell and Fiske
The Multitrait-Multimethod Approach.
Determine how variables are closely related.

 1973  Sieber
Combination of case study with surveys
(New style of Research)
Quantitative and Qualitative data (Integration)

• 1979  Jick
“Triangulation”
The Development of Mixed Methods
Research
• 1980s-1990s  Paradigm Debate
Differing “World Views”
Can quantitative and qualitative data really be mixed?

 Interest for Mixed Methods increased.

 Reflective Period Creswell, 2012.

____________________________________________________________________
Dorney, 2007.
• 1995-2005  Applied Linguistics
Types of Mixed Method
Designs

Basic Designs
Basic Designs Advanced Designs
• The Convergent Design
• The Convergent Design The
• • The Embedded
Explanatory Design
Sequential Design
• The Explanatory • • The
TheExploratory Sequential Design
Transformative Design
Sequential Design • The Multiphase Design
• The Exploratory
Sequential Design Creswell, 2012.

8
1. The Convergent
Design

Creswell, 2012.
Creswell, 2013.
2. The Explanatory Sequential
Design

Creswell, 2012.
Multiple methods are used to examine aspects of resilience and
recovery in the lives of female survivors of child sexual abuse
(CSA) across 7 years of early adulthood. First quantitative
changes in measures of resilience over time were examined. To
what extent did women stay the same, increase, or decrease in
functioning in a variety of sphere across 7 years during early
adulthood? Next, the role of re-traumatization as an impediment
to ongoing resilience and correlates of growth or increased well-
being over time were examined. Finally, because resilient
processes in adulthood have not been the focus of much research
and require further description, qualitative data from a subset of
participants was used to examine survivors’ own narratives about
recovery and healing to learn about key aspects of resilience in
women’s own words. Creswell, 2013.
3. The Exploratory Sequential Design

Creswell, 2012.
Creswell, 2013.
3. The Embedded
Design

Creswell, 2012.
Creswell, 2012.
3. The Transformative Design

Creswell, 2013.
Creswell, 2013.
3. The Multiphase Design

Creswell, 2012.
Creswell, 2013.
 Recommended Mixed
Reasons for Choosing Mixed Methods Expected Outcomes
Methods Design

Comparing different perspectives drawn Merging the two databases to show how Convergent parallel mixed
from quantitative and qualitative data the data convergent or diverge methods design

A more in-depth understanding of the

Explaining quantitative results with Explanatory sequential mixed methods
quantitative results (often cultural
qualitative data design
relevance)

Developing better measurement A test of better measures for a sample of Exploratory sequential
instruments a population mixed methods design

An understanding of participant views

Understanding experimental results by Embedded mixed methods
within the context of an experimental
incorporating perspectives of individuals design
intervention

Developing an understanding of needed Transformative mixed

A call for action
changes for a marginalized group methods design

Understanding the need for an impact of

Multiphase mixed methods
an A formative and summative evaluation
design
intervention program
Characteristics of Mixed Methods
Designs
• Provide a rationale for the design.
• Include collecting quantitative and
qualitative data.
• Consider priority.
• Consider sequence.
• Match the data analysis to a design.
• Diagram the procedures.

Creswell, 2012.
Potential Ethical Issues

 Quantitative issues relate to obtaining permissions, protecting anonymity

of respondents, not disrupting sites, and communicating the purposes for
the study.

 In qualitative research, these issues relate to conveying the purpose of

the study, avoiding deceptive practices, respecting vulnerable
populations, being aware of potential power issues in data collection,
respecting indigenous cultures, not disclosing sensitive information, and
masking the identities of participants.

Creswell, 2012. p. 553

 Potential Ethical Issues
• In a convergent design, the quantitative and qualitative sample sizes may
be different.

 In an explanatory design, it may not have clear link and participant’s

permission may not be given.

• In an embedded design, conducting initial qualitative interviews to build an

intervention before an experiment may be helpful in designing the
intervention.

Creswell, 2012. p. 554

The Steps in
Conducting a
Mixed Methods
Study

Creswell, 2012.
References
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating
Quantitative and Qualitative research. Boston, MA: PEARSON.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods

approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.

Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: quantitative, qualitative and

mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford university press.

Williams, K. M. (2015). Doing research to improve teaching and learning: a guide for
college and university faculty. New York: Routledge.
Thanks!
Any questions?

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