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UG Course Notes and

The document discusses the factors that influence perception, including those related to the perceiver, the target, and the situation. It highlights various perceptual errors such as selective perception, halo effect, and stereotypes, which can lead to biased judgments. Additionally, it outlines strategies for improving perceptual skills and describes the stages of the perceptual process: receiving, selecting, organizing, and interpreting.

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8 views20 pages

UG Course Notes and

The document discusses the factors that influence perception, including those related to the perceiver, the target, and the situation. It highlights various perceptual errors such as selective perception, halo effect, and stereotypes, which can lead to biased judgments. Additionally, it outlines strategies for improving perceptual skills and describes the stages of the perceptual process: receiving, selecting, organizing, and interpreting.

Uploaded by

mohammedalfahad916
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”


Organizational Behavior / Perception 2
A number of factors operate to shape and

sometimes distort perception. These factors can

reside in the perceiver, in the object or target

being perceived or in the context of the situation

in which the perception is made.

Organizational Behavior / Perception 3


 Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations

Factors in the situation


Perception
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Organizational Behavior / Perception 4
Organizational Behavior / Perception 5
Organizational Behavior / Perception 6
Organizational Behavior / Perception 7
Organizational Behavior / Perception 8
Organizational Behavior / Perception 9
Organizational Behavior / Perception 10
Organizational Behavior / Perception 11
Organizational Behavior / Perception 12
Organizational Behavior / Perception 13
Organizational Behavior / Perception 14
 A perceptual error is the inability to judge
humans, things or situations fairly and
accurately. Examples could include such
things as bias, prejudice, stereotyping,
which have always caused human beings in
different aspects of their lives.

 Perceptual error has strong impact in


organization and it hampers in proper
decision making skill while hiring,
performance appraisal, review, feed back
etc

Organizational Behavior / Perception 15


1.Selective Perception- 4.Contrast Effect-
People generally interpret according We again sometimes judge people in
to their basis of interests, idea and comparison to others . This example
backgrounds. It is the tendency not generally found in sports,academics
to notice and forget the stimuli that and performance review
cause emotional discomfort. For
example we might think that fresher 5.Projection-
graduates with above 80 % marks This is very common among
will exceptionally do well in technical Perceptual errors. Projection of
interviews of respective subjects one's own attitude, personality or
2.Halo Effect- behavior into some other person.
We misjudge people by concentrating For example- To all honest people,
on one single behavior or trait.It has everybody is honest.
deep impact and give inaccurate
result most of the time.For example 6.Impression-
we always have an impression of a We all know the term "first
lazy person can never be punctual in impression is the last impression"
any occasion. and we apply that too .For example-
3.Stereotypes- During the time of hiring, thought
We always have a tendency to classify like this "The most decent and
people to a general groups /categories in modest person in the interview can
order to simplify the matter.For example- do very well in every roles and
Women are always good homemakers and Organizational
responsibilities
Behavior / Perception
" always arise. 16
Strategies for Improving Perceptual Skills: 7 Strategies

Knowing Oneself Accurately: One of the powerful ways to


minimize perceptual distortions is to know yourself.
•Emphathize with Others
•Have a Positive Attitude:
•Postpone Impression Formation
•Communicating Openly
•Comparing One's Perceptions with that of Others
•Introducing Diversity Management Programs

Organizational Behavior / Perception 17


Perceptual process are the different stages of perception we go through. The different stages are −

Receiving

Selecting

Organizing

Interpreting

Receiving
Receiving is the first and most important stage in the process of perception. It is the initial stage in which a person collects all
information and receives the information through the sense organs.

Selecting
Selecting is the second stage in the process. Here a person doesn’t receive the data randomly but selectively. A person selects some
information out of all in accordance with his interest or needs. The selection of data is dominated by various external and internal
factors.

External factors − The factors that influence the perception of an individual externally are intensity, size, contrast, movement,
repetition, familiarity, and novelty.

Internal factors − The factors that influence the perception of an individual internally are psychological requirements, learning,
background, experience, self-acceptance, and interest.

Organizational Behavior / Perception 18


Organizing
Keeping things in order or say in a synchronized way is organizing. In order to make sense
of the data received, it is important to organize them.

We can organize the data by −

Grouping them on the basis of their similarity, proximity, closure, continuity.

Establishing a figure ground is the basic process in perception. Here by figure we mean
what is kept as main focus and by ground we mean background stimuli, which are not
given attention.

Perceptual constancy that is the tendency to stabilize perception so that contextual


changes don’t affect them.

Interpreting
Finally, we have the process of interpreting which means forming an idea about a
particular object depending upon the need or interest. Interpretation means that the
information we have sensed and organized, is finally given a meaning by turning it into
something that can be categorized. It includes stereotyping, halo effect etc.

Organizational Behavior / Perception 19


Organizational Behavior / Perception 20

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