Module 1 - Introduction

DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• The term telecommunication means communication at
a distance.
• The word data refers to the information present in
whatever form agreed by the parties creating and using
the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.
 Effectiveness of data Communication
• Delivery
– Correct Destination
– Authorized Receiver
• Accuracy
– Deliver data accurately
• Timeliness
– Late are useless
Five Components of Data Communication
 Data Representation
• Text
– Represented as sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
– Unicode – 32 bit any symbol or character
• Number
– Represented as sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
• Images
– Represented as sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
– Pixel  bit pattern
• Audio & Video
Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex)
 NETWORK
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.
 Types of connections :
point-to-point and multipoint
Advantages of Computer Network
File Sharing Flexible Access

Entertainment Better Communication

9
 Advantages of Computer Network
Internet Access Inexpensive System

Instant and Multiple Access Resource Sharing

1
0
Applications of Computer Network
Email Services Teleconferencing

Business & Finance File & Directory Services

& Many More….

1
1
 Network Topologies
• Network topology is the arrangement of the various
components(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
• Types of network topologies:
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

• Point-to-point connection to
other devices or fully connected.
• Traffic is carried only between
two connected devices.
• Robust
• Advantage of privacy/security
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• More cable resource used in set
up.
A star topology connecting four stations

• Computers are connected to a single central

hub through a cable.
• Less expensive than mess.
• Easy to troubleshoot and Easy to set up and
modify.
• Easy to add new nodes/delete previous nodes.
• Robustness-only that node is affected which
has failed, rest of the nodes can work
smoothly.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• If the Hub goes down, whole network will fail.
 A bus topology connecting three stations

• Every computer and network device is connected to single cable.

• It transmits data only in one direction
• Cost effective
• Used in small networks
• Easy to expand joining two cables together
• It is used in early LAN connection.
 A ring topology connecting six stations

• It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer,

with the last one connected to the first.
• Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit by bit.
• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding
more nodes.
• Cheap to install and expand.
Tree Topology
• It has a root node and all other
nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy.
• Also called hierarchical topology
• Mostly used in Wide Area Network
– WAN
• Expansion of nodes is possible and
easy
• Easily managed and maintained.
 A hybrid topology:
a star backbone with three bus networks
 Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every Each computer is All thecomputers All thenetwork It has a root
computer connected to are connected to nodes are node and all
and network another, with the asingle hub through connected to other nodes
device is last one connected a cable. each other. are connected
connected to to the first. to it forming
single cable. a hierarchy.

Cost Average Cheap High High High

Used in Small Expand Network Small Network Expand Expand
Network Network Network
Troublesh Easy, But Difficult; Failure of Easy; Difficult; Easy;
oot Cables fail one computer If the hub fails Installation Central root
then whole disturbs the whole then the whole and hub fails,
network network. network is configuration network fails.
fails. down. is difficult.
 Types of Computer Network
• Computer Network can be categorized by their size as well as
their purpose.
• The size of a network can be expressed by their geographic
area.
• Some of the different networks based on size are:
1. Local Are Network – LAN
2. Metropolitan Area Network – MAN
3. Wide Area Network - WAN
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as
a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or
office building.

2
1
An isolated LAN in the past and today
 Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network(MAN) is a computer network that interconnects with
computer in a metropolitan area like city.
• MAN is a larger than LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
• It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Hajira Katargam

Piplod

Udhna
2
3
 Wide Area Network
• A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists over a
large-scale geographical area.
• A WAN connects different networks, including local area networks (LAN) and
metropolitan area networks (MAN).
• It may be located with in a state or a country or it may be interconnected
around the world.

Asia

America

Africa
2
4
WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
Internetwork
Types of Computer Networks - Summary

27
 Types of Computer Networks - Summary
Basis Of Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Size A network that connects a It covers relatively large It spans large locality &
group of computers in a region such as cities, towns connects countries
small geographical area together. e.g. Internet
Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (VPN)

Design and Easy Difficult Difficult

Maintenance
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long
Speed High Moderate Low
Equipment Used NIC, Switch, Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio
Transmitter & Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km

Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent
 Switching
• An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects
at least two links together.
• A switch needs to forward data from a network to another
network when required.
• The two most common types of switched networks are circuit-
switched and packet-switched networks
A heterogeneous network made of two LANs and point to point WAN
 Circuit-Switched Network
• In a circuit-switched network, a dedicated connection, called
a circuit, is always available between the two end systems; the
switch can only make it active or inactive.

• A circuit-switched network is efficient only when it is working at its full

capacity; most of the time, it is inefficient because it is working at partial
capacity
 Packet-Switched Network
• In a computer network, the communication between the two ends is
done in blocks of data called packets.
• In other words, instead of the continuous communication, It is as per
requirement, we can see the exchange of individual data packets
between the two computers.
The Internet today
What is Protocol?
Protocol is define as a
format, order of message
sent and received among
network entities, and
actions on message
 LAYERED TASKS

• When communication is simple between two communicating parties, we

may need only one simple protocol; when the communication is complex,
we may need to divide the task between different layers.

• We are using concept of layers in our daily life. As an example, let us

consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process
of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Three Layer Protocol
Logical Connections
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today.
• It is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four software
layers built upon the hardware.
• Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model.
 THE OSI MODEL

Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a

multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was
first introduced in the late 1970s.
Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite
Communication through an internet
Logical connections between layers of the TCP/IP
protocol suite
Identical objects in the TCP/IP protocol suite
Physical layer
Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 Physical Layer
• Carries the bit stream over a physical media
• Physical layer is concerned with:
– Interface to Medium i.e guided cables
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Physical Topology
– Transmission mode
Data link layer
Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.
(Hop to Hop Delivery – Physical Address(MAC address) is used)
 Data Link Layer
• Data Link Layer is concerned with:
– Framing – divide bit stream into data units(frame)
– Physical addressing
– Flow Control – avoid over overwhelming
– Error control – bit loses, retransmission
– Access Control
Hop-to-hop delivery
Network layer
Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
(Host to Host Delivery – IP address is Used)

2.52
 Network Layer
• In this layer, packet is combined with header and data.
• In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the same
network.
• If two different networks are connected then packet is
concern with network layer.
• Network layer is concerned with:
✔ Logical addressing e.g. 192.168.1.1 (IP Address)
✔ Routing
Source-to-destination delivery
Transport layer

Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
(Process to Process Delivery – Port address is Used)
 Transport Layer
• This layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and
in order.
• Transport layer is concerned with:
✔ Service-point addressing (port address)
✔ Segmentation and reassembly
✔ Connection control
✔ Flow and error control
Application layer
Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.
 Application Layer
This layer provides various services like:
✔ Network virtual terminal
✔ File transfer, access and management
✔ Mail services
✔ Directory services
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Addressing in TCP/IP protocol suite
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 OSI
• Established in 1947, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards.
• Almost three-fourths of the countries in the world are
represented in the ISO.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
The OSI model
OSI versus TCP/IP