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Chapter 3 Dna

Chapter 3 discusses heredity and the role of genetics in passing characteristics from organisms to their offspring. It explains the structures involved, including DNA, genes, and chromosomes, and their functions in determining physical traits. The chapter also covers how genes are inherited from parents and the significance of DNA's structure in encoding genetic information.

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10 views13 pages

Chapter 3 Dna

Chapter 3 discusses heredity and the role of genetics in passing characteristics from organisms to their offspring. It explains the structures involved, including DNA, genes, and chromosomes, and their functions in determining physical traits. The chapter also covers how genes are inherited from parents and the significance of DNA's structure in encoding genetic information.

Uploaded by

Mya Mon Cho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Heredity
Heredity
The study of genetics determines how characteristics are passed
from an organism to its offspring.
The following structures and processes all play a role in an
organism’s genetic makeup:
 DNA—a large, complex molecule in the shape of a double helix (spiral)
found in a cell's nucleus
 chromosome—a single DNA molecule that is made up of genes, the
coded instructions for individual traits
 dominant gene—one gene in a gene pair that determines the effect of
the gene pair
 recessive gene—a gene that has no effect if a dominant gene is present
 mitosis—the division of a cell resulting in the formation of two new
cells, each containing the identical genetic information of the original
cell
 mutation—a change in a DNA molecule that creates a set of coded
instructions that are different from those contained in the original cell
 species—organisms that have the same number of chromosomes and
look alike
DNA, Genes &
Chromosomes
 Each cell is a copy of a single
cell that divided itself to make
all of the cells in your body.
Your body is made up of
trillions of cells.
 Your cells need instructions
to create who you are. Your
DNA, genes and
chromosomes work together
to tell your body how to form
and function.
 What is DNA?
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the
material that exists in every cell in your
body that holds your genetic code.
 It makes up your body’s instruction
manual.
 What is DNA made of?
 DNA has a language that it uses to
write your instruction manual (a code).
Four chemical bases make up your
DNA language including:
 Adenine (A).
 Cytosine (C).
DNA is in every cell in your body.  Thymine (T).
Chromosomes are found
carrying your DNA in the  Guanine (G).
nucleus of your cells. DNA looks
like a spiral staircase (double  These four bases arrange themselves in
helix). The rungs are base pairs order to form “words” in your
and the rails are sugar and
phosphate molecules. instruction manual.
What are genes?

Genes are the building blocks for your body. Some
genes give the instructions to make proteins.

A protein’s job is to tell your body what types of
physical characteristics you should have, like your hair
and eye color.
Some genes code for RNA, which does other jobs.

How do I get genes?


You can’t buy genes from a department store.
You inherit your genes from your parents.
You receive one copy of a gene from each parent (one
from the egg and one from the sperm).
Once you receive a pair, your genes divide and copy
themselves until your body has enough genes to fill your
instruction manual.
There are approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in your
body.
What are chromosomes?
One molecule of DNA and one protein make up one
chromosome.
Chromosomes are different sizes, and proteins called
histones allow them to pack up small enough to fit in a
nucleus.
Without these, our chromosomes would be as tall as we
are! Chromosomes give your cells the actual instructions
to make you into a unique person.

How many chromosomes do humans have?


Humans should have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46
total).
Chromosomes divide into 22 numbered pairs
(autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y).
Chromosomes are structures that look like thread,
which live in the nucleus (center) of cells.
You receive one chromosome from each parent to make
a pair.
Although rare, errors occur when cells divide and
replicate, so people might have an additional
chromosome attached to a pair (trisomy) or one less
chromosome on a pair (monosomy).
What is the relationship and function of DNA, genes and
chromosomes?
 DNA, genes and chromosomes work together to make you who
you are. Chromosomes carry DNA in cells. DNA is responsible for
building and maintaining your human structure.
 Genes are segments of your DNA, which give you physical
characteristics that make you unique.
 Together, your body has a complete instruction manual that tells
your cells how to behave.
Where is DNA located?
 DNA can be found in each cell in your body.
 The majority of your DNA resides in the nucleus (center) of each
cell in your body and some DNA lives in mitochondria (little
organelles inside of your cells that produce energy).
What does DNA look like?
 Your DNA structure is made up of four base pairs: adenine (A),
cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G). The bases form pairs
(base pairs); A with T and C with G.
 The base pairs connect with a sugar molecule and a phosphate
molecule (making a nucleotide) that form a spiral staircase
(double helix).
 The base pairs are the steps and the sugar and phosphate
molecules are the handrails.
What do chromosomes look like?
Chromosomes have a structure that is like a
thread. Chromosome proteins (histones) wrap
up DNA like a spool to make it small enough
to fit into your cells. If chromosomes didn’t
wrap around DNA, your DNA would be 6 feet
long from end to end.
DNA is inside your cells. What part of the cell is the DNA inside of?
A. cell membrane
B. cytoplasm
C. Nucleus

What is a gene?
D. A bundle (like a hot dog bun) that the DNA is packed into
E. something inside the nucleus
F. a piece of DNA
G. all of your DNA

Which sentence is FALSE?


H. All organisms have 23 pairs of DNA.
I. Chromosomes are made of genes.
J. DNA is made out of 4 nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, thymine,
guanine
K. DNA is the recipe for life.
 What part of a cell houses the genetic material of a plant or animal
and contains the DNA that is the genetic code for an organism?
A. mitochondrion
B. cytoplasm
C. vacuole
D. chromosomes
 What part of a cell is a protective barrier found on the outside that
controls what comes in and out of a cell?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. cell membrane
C. Golgi apparatus
D. cell wall

Which type of cell has a full set of 46 chromosomes?


E. both of these
F. haploid
G. diploid
H. neither of these
 The diagram shows an event that occurs during meiosis.

 What is the result of this event?


 A. chromosomes that are genetically identical to the paternal chromosome
B. chromosomes that are genetically identical to the maternal
chromosome
C. chromosomes that are a genetic combination of the parent
chromosomes
D. chromosomes that contain a different amount of genetic information
than the
 parents

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