ENGG1003

Python Coding

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Control Flow

2
Revision
• Variables: count = 18; name = "Peter"; x = y =
2
• Expressions: count = count + 1; sum = x + y
• Conditions: x == y == 9; -5 < x <= y
• Branching: if x == y == 2: print(name, x, y)
else: print("x != 2 or y != 2")
• Repetition: for i in range(3, 9):
print( i, i * i )

• Python Basics Examples

3
Example One: BEWARE:
Assignment with =

Identical 3 Comparison with ==

Mind the colon and

• Create another New File identical3.py the 4 spaces!
• Write some code to x = int( input("x? ") )
• ask the user for 3 int (integers), x, y and z y = int( input("y? ") )
• check if they are all identical z = int( input("z? ") )
if x == y and y == z:
• print the message "All are identical" or
print("All are identical")
"Not the same" else:
print("Not the same")
x? 5 x? 5 x? 15
y? 5 y? 41 y? 24
z? 5 z? 5 z? -75
All are identical Not the same Not the same

x? 0 x? 41 x? -9
y? 0 y? 41 y? 41
z? 0 z? 5 z? 41
4
All are identical Not the same Not the same
Example Two: There are 3 mutually
exclusive cases.
Order 3 Tips for you…
• Create yet another New File order3.py print("Hi", 1, 3.14)
• Write some code to
x = float( input("x? ") )
• ask the user for 3 float numbers, x, y and z
y = float( input("y? ") )
• check if they are in certain order, e.g., x < y < z z = float( input("z? ") )
• print the message "Increasing order" or
"Decreasing order" or "Out of order" if x < y and y < z:
followed by the numbers x, y and z print("Increasing order", x, y, z)
elif x > y > z:
print("Decreasing order", x, y, z)
x? 1 x? -9 else:
y? 3 y? 41 print("Out of order", x, y, z)
z? 5 z? 41
Increasing order 1.0 3.0 5.0 Out of order -9.0 41.0 41.0
x? 9.8 x? 4.1
y? 0 y? 4.1
z? -2.718 z? 4.1 5
Decreasing order 9.8 0.0 -2.718 Out of order 4.1 4.1 4.1
Example Three: N = int( input("N? ") )
Multiples of 7 for i in range( 1, N+1 ) :
print( i * 7 )
• Create last New File multiple7.py
• Write some code to
• ask the user for ONE int (integer), N
• print the first N multiples of 7 using for i in range(…):
• Run, test and verify your work thoroughly and carefully:

N? 10
Assume user is cooperative that 7
N is always a positive integer 14
21
N? 1 28 N could be large,
7 35 thus leading to many
42 output lines!
N? 3 49
7 56
14 63
70 6
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Outline – Python Coding
• Using libraries and packages
• Call functions
• Simple data types: list and tuple
• Text data type: string (str)
• Reading data table from the web in CSV
• Simple data processing and plotting
• Define functions
• Appendix - more data types: set and dictionary
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Libraries/ Packages
• There are many Python programmers and projects
around the world.

• People "open source" their work; or issue license.

• They are packaged and released as libraries.
• Such code can be re-used.

• We can install and manage libraries/ packages with

Anaconda, conda or pip.
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Versioning and
Compatibility
• Hardware, software and tools are updated swiftly
• Tracked and recognized by version numbers, e.g., Python 3.12
• Different tools and packages are designed to work together,
based on known combinations and tested versions
• Mind you that some tools and packages are incompatible!
• Thus, there are dependencies and exclusions amongst the
tools
• Software and tools are installed/ updated at different times
on a working system
• Need to maintain a working set of tools properly
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Different Ways of
Maintenance
• Maintain a single working environment using pip, the
package installer for Python
• pip, like IDLE, is bundled with Python installation
• But one size may not fit all
• Maintain multiple environments using Anaconda/
conda/ miniconda
• We may create, make changes, test and switch between
different environments
• We can install different versions of Python in different
environments, together with different tools
• We can just update some tools in one particular environment
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Simplified Solution for You
• We have prepared a VM with Anaconda environments
• Software, tools and packages are properly installed
• All demonstrations and given code shall run properly
on the VM, under the provisioned environments
• Simple examples and exercises shall run properly on your
own computer, with standard Python setup
• In-depth examples and project work can be tried on the VM
• Enthusiastic students may try to setup tools and packages
on your own computer, using command like this:
pip install numpy scipy pandas scikit-learn matplotlib imutils

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Standing on Giant's
Shoulder!
• On the provided VM, commonly used libraries and packages are pre-
installed with Anaconda.
• A package may contain many modules; in turn many functions.
• We can import packages/ modules and give them a nickname:

import turtle as pet

pet.forward(100)

import random # import module random

cards = ["Spade King", "Heart Ace", "Diamond Queen",
"Club Jack"]
random.shuffle(cards)
from random import shuffle # import function shuffle
shuffle(cards)
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 List [ , , , ]
• List items are ordered, changeable, and duplicate values are allowed.
• Indexed: 1st item has index [0], 2nd item has index [1], etc.

equipment_list = ["Microscope", "Centrifuge", "Pipette", "Fume

Hood"]
print("First:", equipment_list[0]) # Microscope
equipment_list.append("Thermometer") # Append "Thermometer" at
the end
equipment_list[1] = "Spectrometer" # Replace "Centrifuge" with
"Spectrometer"
# the list becomes ['Microscope', 'Spectrometer', 'Pipette',
'Fume Hood', 'Thermometer']
for equipment in equipment_list:
print(equipment) # print list items, one on a line
del equipment_list[2] # Remove "Pipette"
print(equipment_list) # The list becomes ['Microscope',
'Spectrometer', 'Fume Hood', 'Thermometer']
Ref:
https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_li 13
List Exercises
• Write some Python code to create a list named
fruits:

"Apple" "Orange" "Banana"

• Append "Durian" to the existing list fruits:

"Apple" "Orange" "Banana" Durian

• Print the 3rd element using a proper index in fruits.

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List Exercise Solution
fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Banana"]
print(fruits)

fruits.append("Durian")
print(fruits)

print("3rd:", fruits[2]) # third element

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 Example Selecting Random
Frequencies for Signals testing:
shuffle a list
print("Random Frequencies for Experiments")
Start from 1; End before 100; Skip b
freqs = list( range(1, 100, 3) ) # create a new list
print("Original frequencies in ascending order:")
print(freqs)

import random
random.shuffle(freqs)
print("Shuffled frequencies (Ghz) in random order:")
print(freqs)
Random Frequencies for Experiments
Original frequencies in ascending order:
[1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 97]
Shuffled frequencies (Ghz) in random order:
[97, 40, 28, 31, 52, 85, 82, 70, 64, 22, 1, 49, 73, 16, 34, 94, 25, 61, 58, 55, 37, 13, 43, 4, 19, 46, 76, 88, 7, 79, 67, 91, 10]
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List Comprehension
• Syntax:
new_list = [ expression for member in iterable ]

where iterable could be another list, a range, etc.;

member, one at a time, can be used in expression
to generate a new list

>>> from math import sqrt

>>> roots = [ sqrt(i) for i in [4, 9, 16] ]
>>> roots
[2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
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List Comprehension
• Syntax:
new_list = [ expression for member in iterable ]

where iterable could be another list, a range, etc.;

member, one at a time, can be used in expression
to generate a new list

>>> squares = [ i * i for i in range(10) ]

>>> squares
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
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Tuple ( , , , )
• Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and duplicate values are allowed.
• Indexed: 1st item has index [0], 2nd item has index [1], etc.
• E.g., a tuple can represent a record or some structural data

GPS_location_HK = (22.3700556, 114.1535941)

x_y_coordinates = (-3, 7)
student_record = (1154987651, "Peter PAN", "CSCI", 3.97)
print( GPS_location_HK )
print( student_record[2] )

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_tuples.asp
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Tuple Exercises
• Write some Python code to create a tuple named
part_dimension:
”Cylinder Block" 5.2 3.4 2.1

Legend: Part Name, length, width and height

• Print the part name together with the width

• Calculate and print the volume in cubic units.
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 Tuple Exercise Solution
part_dimension = ("Cylinder Block", 5.2, 3.4, 2.1)
print(part_dimension)

print(part_dimension[0], ":", part_dimension[2], "units wide")

volume = part_dimension[1] * part_dimension[2] *

part_dimension[3]

print("Volume",volume,"cubic units")

('Cylinder Block', 5.2, 3.4, 2.1)

Cylinder Block : 3.4 units wide
Volume 37.128 cubic units 21
List and Tuple Exercises
• Write some Python code to create a list of tuples
named parts:
"Cylinder Block" 5.2 3.4 2.1

"Engine" 4.3 3.2 1.5

"Gearbox" 6.0 2.5 3.0

• Calculate and print the total volumes in cu

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 List and Tuple Exercise
Solution 1
parts = [
("Cylinder Block", 5.2, 3.4, 2.1),
("Engine Head", 4.3, 3.2, 1.5),
("Gearbox Casing", 6.0, 2.5, 3.0),
]
total_vol = parts[0][1] * parts[0][2] * parts[0][3] + \
parts[1][1] * parts[1][2] * parts[1][3] + \
parts[2][1] * parts[2][2] * parts[2][3]

print("Total Volume:", total_vol, "cubic units")

Total Volume: 102.768 cubic units 23
 List and Tuple Exercise
Solution 2
parts = [
("Cylinder Block", 5.2, 3.4, 2.1),
("Engine Head", 4.3, 3.2, 1.5),
("Gearbox Casing", 6.0, 2.5, 3.0),
]
total_vol = 0
for i in range(len(parts)):
vol = parts[i][1] * parts[i][2] * parts[i][3]
total_vol += vol

print("Total Volume:", total_vol, "cubic units")

Total Volume: 102.768 cubic units 24
List VS Tuple
• [List] and (tuple) looks similar
• Both are ordered, indexed, allow duplicates
• List items can be changed; BUT NOT tuple items
fruits = [ "Apple", "Orange", "Banana" ]
fruits[0] = "Pear"
fruits[len(fruits) - 1] = "Strawberry"

things = ( "Tablet", "RAM", 256, "GB", 4, "cores" )

things[0] = "Notebook"
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

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String
• Text information can be represented as string.
• Literal in a pair of 'single quotes' or "double quotes"

• For example:
cuhk = 'The Chinese University of Hong Kong'
sentence = "This is a GOOD day"

• They can be joined together to form a longer string:

message = "I love " + cuhk + "!"
print(message)
I love The Chinese University of Hong Kong! 26
String Operations
sentence = "This is a GOOD day"
print("lower:", sentence.lower())
print("upper:", sentence.upper())
print("capitalize:", sentence.capitalize())
print("swapcase:", sentence.swapcase())
pieces = sentence.lower().split()
print("Broken into pieces:", pieces)
for word in pieces: lower: this is a good day
print( word ) upper: THIS IS A GOOD DAY
capitalize: This is a good day
swapcase: tHIS IS A good DAY
Broken into pieces: ['this', 'is', 'a', 'good', 27'day']
Iteration Using for
for i in range(1, 100):
print(i)

for i in ["pencil", "eraser", "compass"]:

print(i)

for i in ("HK", 3.14, 109700, ''):

print(i)

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Iteration Using for
primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]

n = len( primes ) # find list length, 8

for index in range(n): # index from 0 to 7

print(index, ":", primes[index])

print(type(primes))

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Define Functions
• We have been using existing modules and
functions.

• How to define our own functions?

• How to reuse some of our code?

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Define and Use a Simple
Function
# define a function named sayHi Hi!
def sayHi(): Hi!
print("Hi!") Hi!

# call/ use the function

sayHi()
sayHi()
sayHi()

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Function with a message
# define a function with parameter Hi! Peter
def greet(message:str): I'm happy!
print("Hi!", message) Hi! Mary
print("I'm happy!") I'm happy!

# call the function with argument

greet("Peter")
greet("Mary")

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Function for Calculation
def inch2cm(inch:float):
return inch*2.54

print("1 inch =", inch2cm(1), "cm")

print("5 inches =", inch2cm(5), "cm")
print("3 feet =", inch2cm(3*12)/100, "m")

1 inch = 2.54 cm
5 inches = 12.7 cm
3 feet = 0.9144 m
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Function with Single Exit
# define a function with parameter
def daysInMonth(m:int):
if m == 2: days = 28
elif m in [4, 6, 9, 11]: days = 30
else: days = 31
return days

# call the function with argument

print("Feb:", daysInMonth(2))
print("Nov:", daysInMonth(11))
print("Jul:", daysInMonth(7)) 34
Function with Multiple Exits
# define a function with parameter
def daysInMonth(m:int):
if m == 2: return 28
elif m in [4, 6, 9, 11]: return 30
else: return 31

# call the function with argument

print("Feb:", daysInMonth(2))
print("Nov:", daysInMonth(11))
print("Jul:", daysInMonth(7))
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 Return Multiple Values
from math import sqrt
# define a function that returns two values
def computeSquareAndSquareRoot(n:int):
return n**2, sqrt(n) # Return two values (separated by ,)

# call the function and store the two return values

# into "result1" and "result2"
result1, result2 = computeSquareAndSquareRoot(2)
print(result1) # Print 4
print(result2) # Print 1.4142135623730951

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Summary
• Python provides list and tuple for structural data
storage and data processing

• Python string supports text processing

• Iteration using for

• Function definition and usage

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Appendix
• More data types and data structures
• Set
• Dictionary

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Set { , , , }
• Unordered, unindexed collection of unique items.
• Usage: membership management
• E.g., add/discard members, support set operations like difference,
union, intersection, subset/ superset/ membership checking, etc.

members = { "Peter", "Mike", "Ann", "Bill" }

members.add( "Paul" )
members.discard( "Peter" )
print( members.issuperset( { "Mike", "Bill" } ) )
print( "Mike" in members )

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_sets.asp
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Dictionary
{ key1:value1, k2:v2,
k3:v3, k4:v4 }
• A mapping of changeable key-value pairs.
• An item is referred to by using an unique key.

glossary = { "apple":"a red fruit", "car":"a vehicle" }

print( glossary["apple"] )
print( glossary["car"] )
print( glossary.keys( ) )
print( glossary.values( ) )

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_dictionaries.asp
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Dictionary
{ key1:value1, k2:v2,
k3:v3, k4:v4 }
majors = {"CSCI":"Computer Science", "INE":"Internet Engineering",
"CENG":"Computer Engineering"}
majors.update( {"AIST":"Artificial Intelligence Systems & Tech"} )
majors["INE"] = "Internet Engg"
print( majors["AIST"] )
print( majors.get("CENG") )
majors.pop("INE") # remove a particular key:value pair
del majors["INE"] # FAIL to remove "INE" again, KeyError

# use a tuple with a dictionary together

student_record = (1154987651, "Peter PAN", "CSCI", 3.97)
print( majors[ student_record[2] ] )

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Dictionary Look-up
Example
dictionary = {"this":"pronoun", "is":"verb-to-be",
"a":"article", "good":"something pleasant", "day":"24 hours"}
sentence = "This is a GOOD day"
pieces = sentence.lower().split()
print("Broken into pieces:", pieces)
print("Dictionary look-up word by word:")
for word in pieces:
print("'", word, "' means", dictionary[word])

Broken into pieces: ['this', 'is', 'a', 'good', 'day']

Dictionary look-up word by word:
' this ' means pronoun
' is ' means verb-to-be
' a ' means article
' good ' means something pleasant
' day ' means 24 hours 42