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Ipv4 and Subnetting

The document provides an overview of IPv4, detailing its structure, address classes, and types of IP addresses. It discusses the limitations of IPv4, including address depletion and lack of built-in security, and introduces subnetting as a method for efficient IP address allocation and improved network management. Additionally, it explains the subnetting process and the role of subnet masks in distinguishing network and host portions of an IP address.

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6 views14 pages

Ipv4 and Subnetting

The document provides an overview of IPv4, detailing its structure, address classes, and types of IP addresses. It discusses the limitations of IPv4, including address depletion and lack of built-in security, and introduces subnetting as a method for efficient IP address allocation and improved network management. Additionally, it explains the subnetting process and the role of subnet masks in distinguishing network and host portions of an IP address.

Uploaded by

maddymad5423
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IPV4 & SUBNETTING

U N D E R S TAN D IN G IP V 4, IT S L I M I TAT ION S , A N D S U B N E TT I N G


T E C H N IQU E S
Internet Protocol
An IP address is an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network. IT is part of a
scheme to identify computers on the internet.
Introduction to IPv4
What is IPv4?
•Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is used for identifying devices on a network.
•It uses 32-bit addresses, written as four octets in decimal
IPv4 Address Structure
IPv4 Address Structure
•A 32-bit address, divided into four 8-bit segments (octets).
•Format: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx (eg 192.168.1.1)
•Each octet is a decimal number between 0 and 255.
Address Classes in IPv4
IPv4 Address Classes
•Class A: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 (Large Networks)
•Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (Medium Networks)
•Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 (Small Networks)
•Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Multicast)
•Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (Reserved for experimental use)
Public and Private IP Addresses
•Public IP Address
•Routable on the internet
•Private IP Address
•Used internally in a local network
Broadcast, Unicast, and
Multicast
•Types of Communication
•Unicast: One-to-one communication.
•Broadcast: One-to-all communication.
•Multicast: One-to-many communication.
Default Gateway
•What is a Default Gateway?
•A device (usually a router) that routes traffic from a local network to external networks (e.g.,
internet).
•Typically the IP address of the router in a local network.
Limitations of IPv4
1.Limitations of IPv4Limited Address Space: 32-bit addressing gives ~4.3 billion addresses.
2.Address Depletion: Exhaustion of available public IP addresses.
3.Lack of Built-in Security: No native support for encryption, requiring external protocols like
IPSec.
4.Complex Addressing and Routing: Large networks are challenging to manage.
5.Limited Mobility: Poor support for mobile devices.
6.Fragmentation: Can cause inefficiencies in routing.
Why Subnetting?
•Why Subnet?
•Efficient IP Address Allocation: Reduces wastage of IP addresses.
•Improved Network Management: Divides large networks into smaller, manageable subnets.
•Security: Limits traffic to specific subnets.
Subnetting Overview
•Subnetting Process
•Step 1: Identify the network and host portions of the IP address.
•Step 2: Borrow bits from the host portion to create subnets.
•Step 3: Determine the new subnet mask to define the number of subnets and hosts.
Subnet Mask
What is a Subnet Mask?
•A 32-bit number that separates the network and host portions of an IP address.
•Example: 255.255.255.0 (or /24 CIDR notation).
•Helps routers determine how to forward packets.
Calculating Subnets and Hosts
Formula for Number of Hosts:
•Number of hosts = 2^(number of host bits) - 2.
•The subtraction of 2 accounts for the network and broadcast addresses.
Thank You!

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