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Lecture 5

The document discusses the Shewhart Control Chart for individual measurements, particularly in scenarios where the sample size is one. It covers methods for assessing normality, including histograms and Normal Probability Plots (NOPP), and explains the Central Limit Theorem, which states that sample averages will tend toward normality with larger sample sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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Tamer Adel Mohamed
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5 views

Lecture 5

The document discusses the Shewhart Control Chart for individual measurements, particularly in scenarios where the sample size is one. It covers methods for assessing normality, including histograms and Normal Probability Plots (NOPP), and explains the Central Limit Theorem, which states that sample averages will tend toward normality with larger sample sizes. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

Tamer Adel Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistical Quality

Control and Technical


Writing
The Shewhart Control Chart for
Individual Measurements
 There are many situations in which the
sample size used for process monitoring is
n=1; that is the sample consists of an
individual unit. Some examples of these
situations are:
 The production rate is very slow
 Automated inspection and measurement
technology is used, and every unit manufactured
is analyzed so there is no basis for rational sub-
grouping
Example
Average Run Length forx-
charts
I = Expected number of individual units sampled
Assessing Normality
 Histogram
 IQR/s Ratio
 NOPP
Histogram
 Visual Examination of the distribution of
sample data
 Mound (bell) shaped
 Symmetric around the mean
The Normal Probability Plot
NOPP
 A plot of sample observations xi vs. their
expected values E(xi); given xi is normally
distributed.
 If points approximate a straight line, it is

reasonable to assume normality.


Where
E(xi) = s[Z(A)]
A= (i-0.375)/(n+0.25)
i = order of observation
s = sample std deviation
Z(A) = the z value corresponds to the
lower tail area of A.
Example
For the following data points;
6,8,7,10,6,11,8,13,6,5, Is it reasonable to
assume normality
I x A Z(A) E(x)
1 5 0.061 -1.5 -4
2 6 0.1585 -1 -3
3 6 0.2561 -0.7 -2
4 6 0.3537 -0.4 -1
5 7 0.4512 -0.1 -0
6 8 0.5488 0.12 0.3
7 8 0.6463 0.38 1
8 10 0.7439 0.66 1.7
9 11 0.8415 1 2.6
10 13 0.939 1.55 4
E(x)

6
4
2
E(x)

0 E(x)
-2 0 5 10 15
-4
-6
x
Central Limit Theorem

If the population from which samples are


taken is not normal, the distribution of
sample averages will tend toward normality
provided that the sample size, n, is at least
4. This tendency gets better and better as
the sample size gets larger. The
standardized normal can be used for the
distribution averages with the modification.
Central Limit Theorem

Figure 5-19 Illustration of central limit theorem


Central Limit Theorem

Figure 5-20 Dice illustration of central limit theorem

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