By: DEPT.

OF PHYSICS
NCR CET
Unit 04
ROTATIONAL & CIRCULAR MOTION
 ANGULAR
DISPLACEMENT
“Angle subtended by moving body at the center of
circle is called angular displacement”
It is denoted by Θ
S.I unit: radian (rad).
Other units are degrees and revolutions.
 UNIT DEFINITIONS
RADIAN
Angle made at the center of the circle by an arc equal
in length to the radius of the circle is called a radian.
DEGREE
If the circumference of the circle is divided into 360
equal parts than angle made at the center by each such
part is called a degree.
REVOLUTION
Angle made at the center when a body rotating in the
circle completes one round trip in the circle is called a
revolution
 RELATION
LINEAR & ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
Let a particle is moving in a circle of radius “r” as shown in the figure. At some instant, its position
was P1 and after some time it reaches point P2. Angular displacement covered by the particle in
moving from P1 to P2 is  .
 is directly proportion to the arc length P1P2.
P1P2  
S  
S K       (1)  K cons tan t
If the arc (displacement covered at the circumference of circle) is equal in length to the radius of
the circle, than, s r and  1 .So, above equation becomes,
r K 1
r K
Putting value of K in equation 1,
S r
 RELATION
DEGREE & RADIAN
When an objects completes one round trip in the circle than the arc length is given by
S=2πr (radian)

In addition, according to the relation of angular and linear displacement we have

S r
Comparing both equations, we get,
r 2 r
 2 (radians )
Moreover, angular displacement covered in one revolution in terms of degrees is 360 0. So,

360 0 2 radians

360 0
1radian 
2
1rad 57.30
In addition, we can write,

10 0.01745 radians
 ANGULAR VELOCITY
“Rate of change of angular displacement is called angular velocity.”
It is denoted by ω
and mathematically given as,    Direction
t Direction
Where,   2  1 of rotation and of rotation and
And
t t 2  t1 angular velocity angular velocity

 
 
 RELATION
LINEAR & ANGULAR VELOCITY
Consider a particle is moving in a circle of radius “r” as shown in the figure. Let the particle covers
angular displacement Δθ in time t and the length of the arc formed at the circumference is S .
Then by the relation S r , we can write,
S r
Dividing this equation on both sides by t ,
S 
r ---------- (1)
t t
But we have,
S
= Rate of change of displacement = linear velocity.
t

= Rate of change of angular displacement =angular velocity.
t
So, equation (1), becomes,
v r
 ANGULAR
ACCELERATION
“Change in angular velocity per unit time is called angular acceleration.”
It is denoted by ɑ


t
S.I. Unit: rad/sec2.
 RELATION
LINEAR & ANGULAR ACCELERATION
Suppose an object is moving in circular path of radius “r” as shown in the figure. During a time
interval t it changes its angular velocity by  and change in tangential speed is v .Than
according to the relation between angular velocity and linear velocity v r  we can write,`
v r 
Dividing both sides by t ,
v 
r 
t t
As we know that,
v
= Rate of change of linear velocity (linear acceleration).
t

= Rate of change of angular velocity (angular acceleration).
t
So,
aT r
Above equation represents the relation between angular and linear acceleration.
 DEFINITIONS
Average Angular Velocity

Total angular displacement divided by the total time taken for that displacement is called the
average angular velocity.
Mathematically, 
 av 
t
Instantaneous Angular velocity

Rate of change of angular displacement when the time interval approaches to zero, is called
instantaneous angular velocity.
Mathematically, 
 ins lim t  0
t
 DEFINITIONS
Average Angular Acceleration

Total change in angular velocity divided by the total time for this change is called average
angular acceleration, denoted by and is given by,   
av
t

Instantaneous Angular Acceleration

Very small change in angular velocity divided by very small interval of time such that time
interval approaches to zero is called instantaneous angular acceleration and is denoted by
Mathematically, 
 ins lim t  0
t
 CENTRIPETAL
ACCELERATION

Let us consider a body moving on a circular path of radius with

uniform velocity of magnitude .
At two different points and the velocities of the
body are and (due to change in direction)
The linear displacement between the two points
is given as and the angular displacement as .
DERIVATION
 DERIVATION

As,

( 𝑟 𝜔 )2
𝑎𝑐=
𝑟
2 2
𝑟 ω
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
𝑎𝑐= ( )
𝑉
𝑟
.𝑉 𝑎 𝑐 =𝑟 ω
2

2
𝑉
𝑎𝑐=
𝑟
 CENTRIPETAL
FORCE
“The force acting towards the center of the circle is called Centripetal force”
Fc mac
Putting value of centripetal acceleration, v2
ac 
r
mv 2
Fc 
r
 BANKED CURVE

“A banked curve is a curve that has its surface at angle with respect to the ground on
which the curve is positioned.”

₪ The reason for banking curves is to decrease the moving object's depend on the force of friction.
₪ A banked curve is a turn in which the driving surface is not horizontal.
₪ Banked curves in roads and racetracks are tilted inward (i.e. toward the center of the
circle) in order to help vehicles get around the turn.
 BANKED CURVE

Also, the vertical component of normal reaction is equal to

the weight i.e.
Combining these we get,
 ANGULAR MOMENTUM
“Angular Momentum is defined as the vector product of linear momentum and
displacement vector”
  
 = r P
The magnitude of angular momentum is given by
Unit of Angular momentum is Kg.m2.sec-1 or Joule  sec.

 r p sin 
m v r sin 

 is angle between r and P .
In Circular motion r and P are perpendicular to each other i.e.
 = 900 and sin 900=1; so
For a circular motion
m v r Or  r p
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
This law states that
“The angular momentum of a rotating body or a system of bodies about an axis remains
constant in the absence of an external torque about that axis.”
Proof:
According to Newton’s second Law of Motion
“Force on particles is equal to its rate of change of linear momentum.”
 d ( p)
F Now
dt   
Multiplying both sides by r
     p Differentiating with respect to time, we get
   
   d ( p) d  d ( r p )
r x F r
dt 
   dt dt
But r F   
  d ( p)
  d r  d p
 r = p + r
dt dt dt
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
By Calculus, This Equation proves that
 “Torque is equal to rate of change of angular momentum.”
d    Now if not external torque acting and a particle is zero i.e.
= p v + 
dt   0 or  0
d    Then equation 2 reduces to:
= mv v +  
dt d
 
But v v = 0 = 0 _________ (3)
 
 mv  v = 0
dt 
 i.e.  = Constant
d  
=0+ 0r  is conserved
dt
Or “Angular Momentum of a particle is conserved (i.e. constant) if

 d
 = the net Torque acting on it is zero.”
dt
 MOMENT OF INERTIA
We know
Angular momentum L=m r v
But v=rw
 L=m r (r ω)
L= m r2 ω
Now momentum of Inertia
I = m r2
 L=Iω
Unit:
Since I=m r2
 I=kg.m2.
 RELATION BETWEEN
TORQUE,
ANGULAR ACCELERATION &
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Consider an object under rotatory motion with mass m, moving along an arc of a circle with
radius r. From Newton’s Second Law of motion, we know that
F= ma
a= F/m
We know that, Acceleration,

Where =
=
 TORQUE
“The turning effect of force is called torque.”
It is a vector quantity which is given as the cross product
of position vector and force applied.

𝜏 𝑟 × ⃗
⃗=⃗ 𝐹
The magnitude is given as:
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃
The direction of torque can be found by right hand rule.
Direction of torque is perpendicular to the plane
containing and , Along the axis of rotation.
 ORBITAL VELOCITY
“The velocity required for a natural or an artificial satellite to remain in
its particular orbit.”

According to the formula for centripetal force, the centripetal force

required for the satellite to remain in orbit would be equal to

where v is the velocity of the satellite in orbit.

This velocity is termed as orbital velocity. Thus to find this, we can
equate the centripetal force with the gravitational attractive force.
Mathematically it can be stated as

= = 𝑣=
√ 𝐺𝑀
𝑟