AE 108

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

Lecture 4

C++ operators, intrinsic functions, and

strings

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Contents

 Basic Operators
 Basic Strings
 Header Files
 Basic Intrinsic Functions
 Examples

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 Basic Operators
Operators are special symbols that perform operations with variables
and constants.
Arithmetic operators

Operator precedence: first ( ), then * and / , and finally + and –

2 - 3 * 4 + 2 = -8
2 * 3 + 4 - 2 = 8
2 * (3 + 4) - 2 = 12
3 * 5 / 3 = 5
10 / 2 * 3 = 15 evaluate left-to-right!
(5 + (11-5) * 2) * 4 + 9 = 77
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The assignment operator (=)

int x, y;
x = 2;
y = 5*x; // y = 10
x = x + 4; // x = 6
y = y/2; // y = 5

Chained assignment

m = (n = 66) + 9; // n = 66 and m = 75
x = y = 22; // x = 22 and y = 22

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Compound assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)

Note that x *= a+b expands to x = x * (a+b)

which is generally not the same as x = x * a+b
Similarly x /= a+b expands to x = x / (a+b)

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Increase and decrease by 1 (++, --)

 The following are equivalent in functionality

x = x + 1; x = x - 1;
x += 1; x -= 1;
x++; x--;

 ++ and -- can be used both as a prefix and as a suffix.

a = 5;
b = a++; assigns b=5 and then a=6

a = 5;
b = ++a; assigns a=6 and then b=6

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Integer division

int i, j, k;
double p, q;
i = 4/2; results in the assignment i=2
j = 5/2; results in the assignment j=2
p = 5/2; results in the assignment p=2.0
p = 5/2.0; results in the assignment p=2.5
q = i + p; results in the assignment q=2.0+2.5 = 4.5;
k = 25.0/2; results in the assignment k=12

Type casting

int i;
double d;
i = int(7.25); results in the assignment i=7
d = double(5); results in the assignment d=5.0

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The sizeof() operator
The operator sizeof() is used to calculate the size in bytes
of data types, variables, arrays or literals.

For example
int i;
double d;
cout << "sizeof(int) = " << sizeof(int) << " bytes" << endl;
cout << "sizeof(float) = " << sizeof(float) << " bytes" << endl;
cout << "sizeof(double)= " << sizeof(double)<< " bytes" << endl;
cout << "sizeof(i) = " << sizeof(i) << " bytes" << endl;
cout << "sizeof(d) = " << sizeof(d) << " bytes" << endl;

Output
sizeof(int) = 4 bytes
sizeof(float) = 4 bytes
sizeof(double)= 8 bytes
sizeof(i) = 4 bytes
sizeof(d) = 8 bytes

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Basic Strings
 A string is a series of characters, such as “Hello
World!”

 A string variable can be declared and assigned as

string s = "This is string";
follows:

Note that you need to include the <string> header.

string s1, s2, s3, s4;
 Some basic operations can be performed on strings.
s1 = "centi";
s2 = "meter";
s3 = s1; results in the assignment s3="centi"
s4 = s1 + s2; results in the assignment s4="centimeter"

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Example: Using strings

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main () {

string name;

cout << "What is your name? ";

cin >> name;
cout << "Hello " << name << endl;

Output
What is your name? Mert
Hello Mert
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 Header Files
 The #include directive allows the program to use source code from
another file.

 #include <iostream>
refers to an external file named iostream, and tells the preprocessor to
take the iostream file and insert in the current program.

 The files that are

included are
called header files.

 The C/C++ standard

library traditionally
declares standard
functions and
constants in header
files.
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 Basic Intrinsic Functions
An intrinsic or a library function is a function provided by the C+
+ language.
For example the cmath library contains mathematical
functions/constants:

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Example program: Using trigonometric functions
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main () {
double beta;
cout << "Input an angle in degrees: ";
cin >> beta;
beta = beta * M_PI/180.0; // convert to radians
cout << "sin(beta) = " << sin(beta) << endl;
cout << "cos(beta) = " << cos(beta) << endl;
cout << "tan(beta) = " << tan(beta) << endl;
}

OutputInput an angle in degrees: 60

sin(beta) = 0.866025
cos(beta) = 0.5
tan(beta) = 1.73205
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Example program: Using logarithmic functions
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main (){

double x;
cout << “Input a value: ";
cin >> x;
cout << "log(x) = " << log(x) << endl;
cout << "log10(x) = " << log10(x) << endl;
cout << "exp(x) = " << exp(x) << endl;
cout << "pow(x,2.5)= " << pow(x,2.5) << endl;

Input a value: 1.4

Output log(x) = 0.336472
log10(x) = 0.146128
exp(x) = 4.0552
pow(x,2.5)= 2.3191
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Example

 Write a program to find the distance between

two poins. Hint:
Distance  x 2  x12  y 2  y12

P2(x2,y2)
P1(x1,y1)

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#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int main () {
double x1,x2,y1,y2,distance;
cout<<"input the coordinates of first point"<<endl;
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"input the coordinates of second point"<<endl;
cin>>x2>>y2;
distance=sqrt(pow(x2-x1,2.)+pow(y2-y1,2.));
cout<<"the distance is "<<distance<<endl;
system("pause");
}

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Example:
 Find the deflection of a cantilever beam under
the action of an end load as shown in Figure.
Hint: 3
P*L
Deflection 
3* E * I

P
E, I

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#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main () {
double P,l,E,In,deflection;
cout<<"input the load\n";
cin>>P;
cout<<"input the length of beam\n";
cin>>l;
cout<<"input the inertia\n";
cin>>In;
cout<<"input the Young's modulus\n";
cin>>E;
deflection=P*pow(l,3.)/(3*E*In);
cout<<"deflection is "<<deflection<<endl;
system("pause");
}
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