Signals and Systems

DTFT
Discrete time Fourier
transform
Dwi Astharini

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 Signal transform & mapping
for system analysis
Analisis Complex
Frequency based
sistem plane

Laplace
Continuous Fourier transform
transform
time ω
s = σ+jω

Discrete time
Z-transform
Discrete time Fourier transform
z = rejΩ
Ω

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 Discrete Time

 Discrete time signals:

defined (have values) for specific
uncontinued time
 x[n], n natural number
 x[n] = x(nT) = x(t)
x[n]

1 n

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 Periodic Signals
x[n] = x[n+N]
Misal cosinus: x(t) = cos 0t , periode T0=2π/0
x[n]  x(nT )  x(t ) t nT
T: sampling periode
cos( n0T )
 x[n  N ] cos[( n  N )0T ]
periodik 
cos[ n0T  N0T ]

N0T=2πk, k bulat  N(2π/T0)T = 2πk

T/T0 = k/N ~ NT=kT0
 ada N sampel dlm setiap k periode x(t)
 x[n] periodik dg per (kT0)
k,N bulat  T/T0 rasional
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Discrete time LTI system
 Representation as shifted impulse train:

x[n]   x[k ] δ[n  k ]
k - 

 Difference equation
N M

a
k 0
k y[n  k ]  bk x[n  k ]
k 0

1  M
 N
 y[n]  
ao 
k 0
bk x[n  k ]   ak y[n  k ] 
k 1 
1 M
N 0  y[n]   bk x[n  k ]
ao k 0
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 Fourier
1. Periodic-Continuous
 examples: sine waves, square waves
 waveform repeats itself in a regular pattern from -∞ negative to +∞.
 Fourier form: the Fourier Series.
2. Aperiodic-Continuous
 Examples: decaying exponentials and the Gaussian curve.
 Signals extend to +∞ and -∞ without repeating in a periodic pattern.
 Fourier form: the Fourier Transform.
3. Periodic-Discrete
 Discrete signals that repeat themselves in a periodic fashion + ∞ and -∞
 Fourier form: Discrete Fourier Series, but often called the Discrete Fourier
Transform.
4. Aperiodic-Discrete
 Signals are only defined at discrete points between +∞ and -∞, and do not repeat
themselves in a periodic fashion.
 Fourier form: the Discrete Time Fourier Transform.

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 Fourier
FS DFS
x[n]  k
c e jk ( 2 / N ) n

k  N 

1
ck 
N
 x[ n
n  N 
]e  jk ( 2 / N ) n

FT DTFT 1

jn
1  x[n]  X (  )e d
x(t ) 
2  
X ( )e jt d 2 2

X ()   x[n]e  jn

X ( )  x(t )e  j t
dt
 n  
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Discrete Time Fourier
Transform
DTFT
1
 X ()e
jn
x[n]  d
2 2

X ()   x[n]e  jn
n  

 Have a periodic nature

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 Examples

1. Find the Fourier transform of x[n] = an u[n] , a real

FT of non periodic discrete time signal  DTFT
 If |a|>1  FT does not converge / doesn’t exist
 If |a|<1  FT exist

   
X ()   x[n]e  jn
  a u[n]e n  jn
 a e n  jn
 (ae  j ) n
n   n   n 0 n 0

1  a  1e j e j 1
  j
  1 j
 j 
1  ae 1 a e e  a 1  ae  j

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2. Find the Fourier transform of
x[n] = - an u[-n -1] a real
FT of non periodic discrete time signal  DTFT
 If |a|<1  FT does not converge / doesn’t exist
 If |a|>1  FT exist

  1
X ()   x[n]e  jn
   a u[ n  1]e
n  jn
  e
a n  jn

n   n   n  
 
1
  (a e ) 1   (a e ) 1 
 1 j n  1 j n

n 1 n 0 1  a  1e j
 a  1e j e j 1
  
1  a  1e j e j  a 1  ae  j
 FT same as in Prob.1, for different signal

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3. Derive the DTFT property for time shifting
x[n]  X ()
x[n  n 0 ]  ?


 x[n  n ]e
n  
0
 jn

 
Taking m=n-n0    x[m]e  j ( m  n0 )
  x[m]e  jm e  jn0
m   m  

e  jn0
 x[
m  
m ]e  jm
e  jn0
X ( )

x[n  n 0 ]  e  jn X ()

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4. Find the DTFT of the signals
xa(n) xb(n)
a. b.
2
1
-1 n n

-2

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5. A causal discrete-time LTI system is described by
8
y[n] = x[n] + 3/4y[n – 1] – 1/8y[n – 2]
where x[n] and y[n] are the input and output of the system
a) Determine the frequency response H(Ω) of the system.
b) Find the impulse response h[n] of the system.

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b) Find the impulse response h[n] of the system.

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 8
6. Consider the discrete-time LTI systems shown
i. x[n] y[n] ii.x[n] y[n]
-
½(d1) ½(d1)

a) Determine the frequency response H(Ω) of the systems.

b) Find the impulse response h[n] of the systems.
y[n] = x[n] + ½ x[n-1] y[n] = x[n] – ½ y[n-1]

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 References & Sources
 Oppenheim, Signals & Systems, Prentice Hall
 Philips, Parr & Riskin, Signal Transform, Prentice Hall
 Hwei P. Hsu, Signals and Systems -Schaum's Outlines
Ocr, Mcgraw Hill

18 Signals & Systems - Electrical Engineering UAI 03/17/2025