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Lesson 1

The document provides an extensive overview of complex numbers, including definitions of imaginary and complex numbers, their representations in rectangular, polar, exponential, and trigonometric forms. It covers operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots of complex numbers, along with logarithmic functions and examples for evaluation. Additionally, it discusses trigonometric and hyperbolic functions related to complex numbers and their fundamental identities.

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Alvin Eusebio
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7 views

Lesson 1

The document provides an extensive overview of complex numbers, including definitions of imaginary and complex numbers, their representations in rectangular, polar, exponential, and trigonometric forms. It covers operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots of complex numbers, along with logarithmic functions and examples for evaluation. Additionally, it discusses trigonometric and hyperbolic functions related to complex numbers and their fundamental identities.

Uploaded by

Alvin Eusebio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex

Numbers
Lesson 1
By Carlos Hortinela IV
Complex Numbers

IMAGINARY NUMBER
- It is a real number with an imaginary operator j or i.
Examples:
j5, 6j, i8, 8i
Where:
Complex Numbers

COMPLEX NUMBER
-It is a combination of a real number and an
imaginary number.
Examples:
5 + j2, 6 – i8, 2 + 2j, 7 – 9i, 4  35, 3 e j 0.5
Complex Numbers

Argand Plane + imaginary


x
A ( x, y )
( z, o)

Z
y

- real + real

- imaginary

Complex Plane
Complex Numbers

FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


A. Rectangular Form (x, y)
Z = x + jy
where :
x = real quantity
y = imaginary quantity
Complex Numbers

B. Polar Form
Z = A  
Where:
A = magnitude
 = angle with respect to the positive x
axis in degrees.
Note:  is positive when measured counter clockwise
and negative when measured clockwise with respect
to the positive real axis.
Complex Numbers

C. Exponential Form
Z = A e j
where:
A = magnitude
 = angle in radians
Note:
 in degrees =  / 1800
Complex Numbers

D. Trigonometric Form
Z = A ( cos  + j sin  )
Z = A cos  + j A sin 
where:
A = magnitude
 = angle in degrees
Complex Numbers

Euler’s Equation:
A cos  + j A sin  = A e j 

Coordinate Conversion
Rectangular form to Polar form
Z = x + jy  A 
Complex Numbers

Euler’s Equation:
A cos  + j A sin  = A e j 

Coordinate Conversion
Polar form to Rectangular form
Z = A   x + jy
x = A cos 
y = A sin 
TITLE

COMPLEX ALGEBRA
I. Addition / Subtraction
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
Complex Numbers

COMPLEX ALGEBRA
I. Addition / Subtraction
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X = A cos 1 + j A sin 1; Y = B cos 2 + j B sin 2
X + Y =(A cos 1 + B cos 2)+ j (A sin 1 + B sin 2)
Complex Numbers

II. Multiplication
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
FOIL method
A x B = (x + jy) x (a + jb)
A x B = ax + jbx + jay + j2 by
A x B = ( ax - by ) + j( ay + bx )
Complex Numbers

II. Multiplication
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X  Y = A  B  ( 1 + 2 )
Complex Numbers

III. Division
Rectangular Form
A = x + jy ; B = a + jb
Complex Numbers

III. Division
Polar Form
X = A 1 ; Y = B 2
X = A  1 = A / B  1- 2
Y B  2
Complex Numbers

IV. Powers and Roots


A. Real Power and Real Roots
Real Powers
( A   )n = An    n
= ( A e j    / 180 ) n
= ( An e j    / 180  n )
= ( An    /180  n  180/ )
= An    n
Complex Numbers

Real Roots

n
( A   ) = n  A  ( /n )
= ( A e j    / 180 ) 1/n
= ( A 1/n e j    / 180  1/n )
= ( A 1/n    /180  1/n  180/ )
Complex Numbers

B. Complex powers and Complex Roots


Complex Powers
( A   ) x + jy = R  
= ( A e j    / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e lnA  e j    / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e lnA + j    / 180 ) x + jy
= ( e xlnA + jx   / 180 + jylnA + j^2 y   / 180 )
= ( e ( xlnA - y   / 180 ) + j ( ylnA + x   / 180 ) )
Complex Numbers

B. Complex powers and Complex Roots


Complex Powers
( A   ) x + jy = R  
= ( e ( xlnA - y   / 180 ) + j ( ylnA + x   / 180 ) )
= ( e ( xlnA - y   / 180 )  e j ( ylnA + x   / 180 ) )
= R  e j
R = e ( xlnA - y   / 180 )
 = ( ylnA + x   / 180 )  180 / 
Complex Numbers

Complex Roots

= (A e j    / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e lnA  e j    / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e lnA + j    / 180) 1 / ( x + jy )
= (e ( lnA + j    / 180 ) / ( x + jy )) ( x - jy / x - jy )
= (e{( xlnA + j x    / 180 ) - ( jy lnA + j^2 y    / 180 )} /{ x^2 – j^2 y^2 })
Complex Numbers

Complex Roots
x + jy
( A   ) = S  
= (e{( xlnA + j x    / 180 ) - ( jy lnA + j^2 y    / 180 )} /{ x^2 – j^2 y^2 })
= (e(xlnA - y    / 180)/(x^2 + y^2) e j (- ylnA + x    / 180)/(x^2+y^2))
= S  e j

S = e { (x ln A + y    / 180) / (x^2 + y^2) }


 = {(- ylnA + x    / 180)/(x2+y2)}  180/
Complex Numbers

V. Logarithm and Natural Logarithm


A. Logarithm of a complex number
= Log ( A   )
= Log ( A  e j    / 180 )
= Log A + Log e j    / 180
= Log A + j    / 180  Log e
= Log A + j    / 180  0.4343
Complex Numbers

B. Natural Logarithm of a complex number


= Ln ( A   )
= Ln ( A  e j    / 180 )
= Ln A + Ln e j    / 180
= Ln A + j    / 180  Ln e
= Ln A + j    / 180  1
Complex Numbers

C. Logarithm of a negative real number


= Log ( - N )
= Log ( N  180 )
= Log N + j 180   / 180  Log e
= Log N + j   0.4343
Complex Numbers

D. Natural Logarithm of a negative real number


= Ln ( - N )
= Ln ( N  180 )
= Ln N + j 180   / 180  Ln e
= Ln N + j   1
Complex Numbers

Examples:
Evaluate the following complex numbers
1. (1 + j2) + (-3 – j6)
2. (3  20) (2  60)
3. 200  135 + 45 e j 3 / 8 – (28 + j 35)
4. (1 – j)2 + (2 + j)2
5. e 1.477 + j1.224
6. (5 + j3)/(3 – j)
Complex Numbers

Examples:
Evaluate the following complex numbers
7. [(-6 – j8)(Ln 6 80)(2e j / 4)]/[(16 60)1/2(3 15)2

8. (3 + j4) (5+ j2)


9. 3 (-4 – j)
10. (3+j2) (4 + j5)
Complex Numbers

TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF


COMPLEX NUMBERS
Based from Euler’s Equation:
A e j  = A cos  + j A sin 
Let : A = 1 and  = x
Then,
e j x = cos x + j sin x  1
e - j x = cos x - j sin x  2
solving for sin x : 1 - 2
e j x - e - j x = 2 j sin x
Complex Numbers

TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF


COMPLEX NUMBERS
solving for sin x : 1 - 2
e j x - e - j x = 2 j sin x

solving for cos x : 1 + 2


e j x + e - j x = 2 cos x
Complex Numbers

TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS OF


COMPLEX NUMBERS
if x = jx then,
Complex Numbers

Fundamental Identities
sech u = 1 / cosh u
csch u = 1 / sinh u
tanh u = sinh u / cosh u
coth u = cosh u / sinh u
coth u = 1 / tanh u
cosh2 u – sinh2 u = 1
1 – tanh2 u = sech2 u
Complex Numbers

Hyperbolic functions expressed in exponential form


Complex Numbers

Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers


sin ( -  ) = - sin 
cos ( -  ) = cos 
sinh ( -  ) = - sinh 
cosh ( -  ) = cosh 
sin j  = j sinh 
sinh j  = j sin 
jcos  = cosh j 
jcosh  = cos j 
Complex Numbers

Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers


sin ( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin ( x - y ) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
cos ( x + y ) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
cos ( x - y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
sin ( x + jy ) = sin x cosh y + j cos x sinh y
sin ( x - jy ) = sin x cosh y – j cos x sinh y
cos ( x + jy ) = cos x cosh y – j sin x sinh y
cos ( x - jy ) = cos x cosh y + j sin x sinh y
Complex Numbers

Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex numbers


sinh ( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
sinh ( x - y ) = sinh x cosh y - cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
cosh ( x - y ) = cosh x cosh y - sinh x sinh y
sinh ( x + jy ) = sinh x cos y + j cosh x sin y
sinh ( x - jy ) = sinh x cos y – j cosh x sin y
cosh ( x + jy ) = cosh x cos y + j sinh x sin y
cosh ( x - jy ) = cosh x cos y - j sinh x sin y
Complex Numbers

Trigonometric functions of Real and Complex


numbers
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x - sin2 x
cos 2x = 1 - 2 sin2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x - 1
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh2 x - sinh2 x
Complex Numbers

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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