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Lesson 1 Probability

Probability is a mathematical branch that measures the likelihood of events on a scale from 0 to 1. It includes basic terms such as experiments, sample spaces, and events, and differentiates between types of events like mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent events. The document also discusses random variables and provides examples for calculating probabilities associated with various scenarios.

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jake Lopez
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3 views

Lesson 1 Probability

Probability is a mathematical branch that measures the likelihood of events on a scale from 0 to 1. It includes basic terms such as experiments, sample spaces, and events, and differentiates between types of events like mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent events. The document also discusses random variables and provides examples for calculating probabilities associated with various scenarios.

Uploaded by

jake Lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILI

TY
PROBABILITY

• Probability is a branch of mathematics that deals with the


likelihood of an event occurring. It is measured on a scale
from 0 to 1, where:
• 0 means the event is impossible.
• 1 means the event is certain.
• A probability between 0 and 1 represents the likelihood of an
event happening.
Basic Probability Terms

1 2 3
Experiment – A Sample Space Event (E) – A
process that (S) – The set of subset of the
leads to an all possible sample space
outcome (e.g., outcomes (e.g., (e.g., rolling an
rolling a die). for a die: {1, 2, even number
3, 4, 5, 6}). {2, 4, 6}).
Basic Probability Formula
EXPERIMEN SAMPLE Event A n(S) n(A) P(E)
T SPACE
Tossing a Getting
Coin Head
Rolling A Getting an
Die Odd
Selecting a Getting
card from a Face Card
deck of card

Choosing a Getting
letter from Vowel
the English
Alphabet
Types of Probability
Types of Events

1. Mutually Exclusive Events-are events that cannot occur at the same


time. If one event happens, the other cannot.

Example Problem:
A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing either a King or a Queen?
Types of Events

2. Non-Mutually Exclusive Events


Meaning:
Non-mutually exclusive events are events that can happen at the same time.
They have an overlap.
Example Problem:
A card is drawn from a standard deck. What is the probability of drawing a red
card or a face card?
Types of Events
3. Independent Events
Independent events are events where the outcome of one event
does not affect the outcome of the other.
Formula:P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)

Example Problem:
A die is rolled, and a coin is flipped. What is the probability of
rolling a 3 and flipping a head?
Types of Events
4. Dependent Events
Dependent events are events where the outcome of one
event affects the probability of the other.
Formula:P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B∣A)
P(B∣A) is the probability of B occurring given that A has
already occurred.
Example Problem:
A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. Two balls are
drawn without replacement. What is the probability that
both balls are red?
Types of Events
5. Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the probability of an event occurring
given that another event has already happened
Example Problem:
In a school, 60% of students play basketball, and 40% of
basketball players also play volleyball. What is the probability
that a randomly selected student plays volleyball given that
they already play basketball?
Types of Events

1. Mutually Exclusive Events-are events that cannot occur at the same


time. If one event happens, the other cannot.

Example Problem:
A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of
drawing either a King or a Queen?
A random variable may be viewed as
a way to map outcomes of statistical
experiment determine by chance into
a number. It is a set whose elements
are the numbers assigned to the
outcomes of an experiment. It is
Random denoted by a capital letter, usually X.
Variable
In some experiments such as:
tossing a coin three times;
rolling a dice twice; and
drawing two balls in a bo
Example 1. Suppose two coins
are tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number
of heads that occur. Find the
values of the random variable X
Example 2. Two balls are drawn in
succession without replacement from a
box containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls.
Find the values of the random variable Z.
Example 3. Write all the possible values
of each random variable.

a) X: Number of even number outcomes


in a roll of a die.
b) Y: Weight (in mg) of a powder that
does not exceed 80 mg.
c) Z: Scores of a student in a 10-item test
COMPUTING
PROBABILTY
CORRESPONDING TO A
GIVEN RANDOM
VARIABLE
Example 1: The
following data
show the
probabilities for
the number of
cars sold in a
given day at a
car dealer stoze.
Example 2. In a convenient store,
the number of tellers (X) busy with
costumers at 12:00 noon varies
from day to day. Past records
indicate that the probability
distribution of X is as follows.

1. What is the probability that


exactly four tellers are busy at
12:00 noon?

2. What is the probability that at


least, two tellers are bury at 12:00
noon?

3. What is the probability that


fewer than five tellers are bury at
12:00 noon?

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