1.

NUMBERS
• Numbers are represented by symbols called numerals.
E.g. the numeral for the number ten is 10.
• The symbols which represent numbers are called digits
e.g. in 10 there are 2 digits.
• There are only ten digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and
9 used to represent any number.
Base Ten Numeration
• This is a system of writing numbers using ten symbols.
Each digit in a number has a different value called
place value.
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 Numbers in Base Ten Numeration
up to One Billion
• Consider the table below showing place values of
numbers up to one Billion.
Billi Hundre Ten Millio Hundre Ten Thousan Hundre Tens Ones
ons d million ns d thousa ds ds
million s thousan nds
s ds
1
1 0
1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Writing numbers in expanded form
Consider the place value of each digit
Examples:
1. Write the numbers bellow in expanded form.
(a) 7 (b) 125 (c) 1005 (d) 46897 (e) 700091
Solution
(b) 7 = 7 x 1
(c) 125 = 1x100 + 2x10 + 5x1
(d) 1005 = 1x1000 + 0x100 + 0x10 + 5x1
(e) 46897 = 4x10000 + 6x1000 + 8x100 + 9x10 + 7x1
(f) 700091 = 7x100000 + 0x10000 + 0x1000 + 0x100 + 9x10 + 1x1
2. Write the numerals for each of the following:
(a)8 × 1000 + 0 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 1 × 1
(b) 7×10000 + 7×1000 + 0×100 + 5×10 + 9 × 1

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 3

Solution
(a) 8000 + 0 + 70 + 1 = 8071
(b) 70000 + 7000 + 0 + 50 + 9 = 77059
3. Write the place value of the digit in the brackets.
(a) 70145 (0) (b) 35749 (3)
Solution
(a) the place value of 0 is thousands
(b) the place value of 3 is ten thousands
4. Arrange the order of the digits 78294 to make:
(a)The smallest possible number = 24789
(b)The largest possible number. = 98742
5. Write the following number in words
(a) 64 = sixty four
(b) 270 = two hundred seventy
(c) 10024 = ten thousand and twenty four
(d) 10025784 = ten millions twenty five thousand seven hundred eight
four
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6.Write the numerals for each of the following problems.
(a) Ten thousand and fifty one = 10051
(b) Nine hundred thirty millions one hundred twenty five
thousand three hundred seventy four = 930,125,374
(c)Ninety nine millions eight hundred twenty seven
thousand two hundred thirteen. 99,827,213
Natural and Whole Numbers
Natural numbers (N)
These are counting numbers which starts with 1 and continues
to infinity 2, 3, 4….
Natural numbers on number line.

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Whole numbers, W.
These are counting numbers which starts from zero and continues to
infinity 0,1,2,3….
Whole numbers on number line

Even ,Odd, and Prime Numbers

• Even numbers are the numbers which are divisible by 2. Example 2,
4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …
• Odd numbers are the numbers which are not divisible by 2. Example
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, …
• Prime numbers are the numbers which are divisible by one and itself.

Example 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,..
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Operations with Whole Numbers
Basic operations in Mathematics
Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication ( X) and division (÷).
Addition and subtraction
Two or more numbers can be added/ subtracted horizontally
or vertically. The result obtained on adding numbers is called
SUM.
• Horizontal addition
(a) 972 + 18 = 990
(b) 23 750 + 250 = 24 000
Vertical addition
Find the sum of

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Subtraction
The result obtained is called difference
Examples
•.

Multiplication
The answer obtained after multiplying two or more numbers is
called product.
In 25 x 6, 25 is multiplicand and 6 is multiplier.

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Examples
Find

Division
The answer obtained is called quotient. If a number can’t be
divided exactly, what remains or left over is called remainder

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Consider

Mixed operations
BODMAS is used to solve questions with mixed operations.
First Open Bracket (if any ) then
Division ()
Multiplication (),
Addition (+) and
Subtraction (-)

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Examples

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Factors and Multiples of Numbers
.
Factors:
The numbers you multiply to get another number. These
numbers can be more than two, e.g. 12 can be obtained by taking

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Multiples
A multiple is a number multiplied by an integer. For example
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24
More examples
1. Find the common factors of 12 and 22
factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
factors of 22 are 1, 2, 11 and 22
The common factors are 1 and 2.
2. What are the first three common multiples of 6 and 12
Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28,32, 36, 40, 44, 48
Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72.
First three common multiples are 12, 24 and 48.
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The Greatest Common Factors(GCF)
By listing Method
Find the GCF of 24 and 36.
Solution
.
Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 and 24
Factors of 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 36
The common factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12
Therefore the Greatest common Factor is 12
By prime factorization

Therefore , GCF is 2×2×3 = 6

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Lowest Common Multiple, LCM
By listing method
1. Find the LCM of 810 by listing method
Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80
.
Multiples of 10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80…..
The common multiples are 40 and 80
∴ The Lowest Common Multiple, LCM is 40
2. Find the LCM of 24 and 36 by factorization

LCM = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 72
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Integers, Z
Are all positive and negative numbers including zero Positive
numbers are written without showing the positive sign
Integers on number line
.

Examples
1. Represent the following integers Ζ on a number line
a. 0 is greater than Ζ and Ζ is greater than -4
Z = -1, -2, -4
b. -2 is less than Ζ and Ζ is less than or equal to 1.
Z = -1, 0 ,1.

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2. Put the signs ‘is greater than’ (>), ‘is less than’ (<), ‘is equal
to’ (=) to make a true statement.

Addition and subtraction of Integers

1. By using number line, find
(a) 2 + 3 (b) -6 + 3 (c) 5-4
(d) – 3 – (-6)

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Solutions
(a) 2 + 3

(b)-3 + 6

-3 + 6 = -3
∴ 03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 18
(c) 5-4

∴5-4 = 1
(d) – 3 – (-6)
= -3 + 6 (since – x - = +)

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Division and multiplication
In summary:
(+) × (+) = (+) (+)÷(+) = (+)
(-). × (-) = (+) (-)÷(-) = (+)
(+) × (-) = (-) (+)÷(-) = (-)
(-) × (+) = (-) (-)÷(+) = (-)
Find (a) -2 x -4 x -3 (b) -10 ÷ -2 (c) -3 + -1 ÷ -2 -5
Solution
(a) -2 x -4 x 3 = -24 (b) -10 ÷ -2 = 5
(c) -3 + -8 ÷ -2 X - 5 (use BODIMAS)
= -3 + 4 X -5
= -3 x -20
= 60
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TOPIC 2: FRACTIONS

A fraction is part of whole number. It is written in form of where b

≠ 0.
The number at the top is called Numerator and the number at the
bottom is called denominator.

Types of fraction
Proper Fractions
Fractions with numerator less than the denominator e.g. , ,
Improper fractions
Fractions with numerator greater than the denominator e.g. , ,
Mixed fractions
Fractions with a whole number e.g. 11 , 5 , 9
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Mixed fraction into improper fraction and vice verse
Take

1. Convert the following mixed numbers into improper fractions

(a) 11 = =
(b) 6 = =
2. Convert the following into mixed fraction
(a) (b)
Solution
Divide the numerator by the denominator
(a) = 16
(b) = 20 = 20

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Comparison of Fractions
Put the fractions over a common denominator, then the greater
fraction is the one with greater numerator.
Find which is greater
.Solution

Equivalent Fractions
Are equal fractions written with different denominators.
Write 3 equivalent fractions to
(a) (b) (c)
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Solution
(a) = = ,
= = ,
= =
. equivalent fractions of are , ,
The
(b) = =
= =
=
The equivalent fractions of are ,

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1.Simplify the following fractions to their lowest terms

Solution

2.Arrange in order of size, starting with the smallest, the fraction

, , ,,
Put them over the same denominator, that is find the L.C.M 2, 3,
4, 5 and 6 which is 60
x 60 = 45, x 60 = 12, x 60 = 40, x 60 = 10, x 60 = 40
∴ In ascending order , , , ,

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Operations of fractions
Addition and subtraction
i. Fractions with same denominator
Find
. (a) + = = (b) + + 2 = 2 =2

(c) - = = (d)

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Cont.
.
. Subtraction of fractions


Evaluate
Solution

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 .
Multiplication of fractions

Multiply
. the numerator of the first fraction with the
numerator of the second fraction, and the
denominator of the first fraction with the
denominator the second fraction.

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 . Division of fractions
Division
. of fractions is done by taking the first
fraction and then multiply with the reciprocal of the
second fraction

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Mixed operation
..

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Cont.
.
Example 16
.

Solution

1.Musa is years old. His father is 3¾times as old as

he is. How old is his father?
2. 1¾of a material are needed to make suit. How
many suits can beMwlmade
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Swai, G +255766765325 31
3. DECIMAL AND PERCENTAGE
A decimal- is defined as a number which consist of two
parts separated by a point.
The parts are whole number part and fractional part

The decimal places are counted from the point to the

right e.g. 0.2145 has four decimal places.
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Conversion of fractions to decimals and
vice verse
To convert a fraction into decimal, divide the numerator
by denominator.
Examples
Convert the following fractions into decimals

solution

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Terminating decimals to fractions
Examples
Change the following into fractions

Solution
Solution

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Repeating decimals to fractions
Repeating/ recurring decimals-has a digit (s) which
repeats over and over.
Example
Change the following decimals into fractions
(a) 0.
(b) 0. 8
(c) 0.
(d) 0. 6

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Solutions
(a) Let x = 0.

. Multiply by 10 both sides

10x = 3.
Subtract x from both sides
10x – x = 3. - 0.
9x = 3
Dividing by x we get,
X= =
∴ 0. =

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 (b) Let x = 0. 8
Multiply by 10 both sides
. 10x = 8.
Subtract x from both sides
10x – x = 8. - 0. 8
9x = 7.5
x= =
X=
∴ 0. 8 =

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(c) Let x = 0.
Multiply by 100 both sides
. 100x = 47.47
Subtract x from both sides
100x – x = 47.47 – 0.47
99x = 47
X =
∴ 0. =

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(c) Let x = 0. 6
Multiply by 1000 both sides
. 1000x = 263.263
Subtract x from both sides
1000x – x = 263.263 – 0.6
999x = 263
X=
∴ 0. 6 =

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Operations on Decimals
Addition and subtraction
The decimal point must be in line, put zeros at the
. to give the same number of decimal places in
end
each number.
Examples
Evaluate

Solution

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Evaluate

Solution
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 41

Multiplication of Decimals
Evaluate

.
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 42

Division of Decimals
Evaluate

.
Solution

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Percentages (%)
The percentage is a fraction expressed out of 100,
that is the denominator is one hundred

Solution

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 A fraction into percentage and vice versa
To change a fraction or a decimal into a percentage,
multiply it by 100% Convert the following fractions
into percentages
Examples
Change the following into percentages

Solution

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A Decimal into Percentage and Vice Versa
To change a percentage into a fraction or a decimal,
divide it by 100
Examples .

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More examples
1.In an assignment, Regina scored 9 marks out of 12.
Express this as a percentage.
Solution
.

2.A school has 400 students of which 250 are girls.

What percentage of the students are not girls?
Solution

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 . 4. UNITS
Conversion of One Unit of Length to Another
.
 The conversion of one unit to another is done by

considering the arrangement below



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Cont.
.
Example
. 1
Convert

Solution

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Cont.
.
..


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Unit
. of Mass
Conversion of One Unit of Mass to Another
.
 The conversion of one unit to another is done by

considering the arrangement below

 NOTE: 1 tonne = 1000kg

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Cont.
.
Example
. 1

Solution

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Cont.
.
..


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Units
. of time
The units of time are of two types,
.
 Smaller units seconds, minutes, hours and days.

 Larger units week, month, year, decade, century,

millennium.
Conversion of One Unit of Time to another

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Cont.
 Example, from the circle above
.

Example 3 Convert,

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 55

 Cont.
 .
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 56

Cont.
.
Conversion of Unit Time of 12 Hour Clock to 24 Hour
Clock
. and Vice Versa
 The hours can exist in two systems:

12- hour clock

24 - hour clock.
Example 4
Convert the following times from the 12 - hour clock to
24 - hour clock.

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 Units
. of Capacity
Standard Unit of Measuring Capacity
.
 Capacity-is defined as the ability hold or contain
something .
 Capacity is related to the volume.

The S.I unit of volume is cubic metres (m3)

Capacity is related to the volume as follows:
1 litre = 1000cm3 = 0.001m3 = 1dm3
Also 1 ml = 1 cm3
 The conversion of one unit to another is done by

considering the arrangement below

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Cont.
.
 ,
.

Example 6 Convert the following units into,

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Cont.
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 60

Cont.
.
.

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 5. APPROXIMATIONS
Rounding off Whole Numbers to Given Place
.
Values
STEPS
 Stand at the digit of the required place value, if

the next digit to the right is more or equal to 5

round up (i.e, increase the digit of the required
place value by 1) and if it is or less, do not
change the digit of the required place value
 Replace all the remaining digits to the right of

the required place value with the zeros.

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Cont…
.
.
Example 1
The population of Tanzania in a census of 2002
was 42,850,671. Round this to the nearest
a. million
b. ten million
Solution
a. The million digit is 2, since the next digit to
the right is greater than 5, then we can
increase 2 by 1 and put the remaining digits to
the right of 2 zeros. There fore; 42,850,671 ≈
43,000,000
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Cont…
.
b.
. The ten million digit is 4, since
the next digit to the right is less
than 5, then we do not change 4
but we put the remaining digits to
the right of 4 zeros. There
fore;42,850,671 ≈ 40,000,000

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 Decimals to a Given Number
of Decimal Place
Example 2
Round 0.24736 to the nearest
a. 1 decimal place
b. 2 decimal places
c. 3 decimal places
Solution
a. 0.24736≈ 0.02 (1 d.p)
b. 0.24736≈ 0.025 (2 d.p)
c. 0.24736≈ 0.0247 (1 d.p)
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Significant
. Figures
Example 3
Given
. the number 45.274 round to
a. 1 first significant figure
b. 2 significant figure
c. 3 significant figure
Solution
a. 50
b. 45
c. 45.3
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 Cont…
.
Example 4
.
Round 146 400 to
a. 2 first significant figure
b. 4 significant figure
c. 3 significant figure
Solution
a. 150 000
b. 146 400
c. 146 000
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Approximations in
Calculations
Example 5
Find the approximate value of

Solution

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 6. GEOMETRY
Points and Lines
A point – is a smallest geometric figure which
gives a position of object in a plane
A line segment – is a straight line joining two
points in a plane
The Concept of a Point to Draw a Line

A line passing through two points e.g. A and B

and extends without end (i.e. infinitely) in both
directions is denoted by
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Cont..

A ray
This is a line starting from a point, say A and
pass through a point, say B and extends
without end in one direction. It is denoted
by

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 .
.

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Types of Angles
..


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Cont…
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 73

 Cont...
.
 .
.

Example 1
a. Two angles are supplementary. One angle is three
times the other. What are the angles?
b. Two angles are complementary. One angle is 40º
greater
03/17/2025
than the other. What are the angles?
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 74
Cont…
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 75

Cont…
.
Drawing Angles Using a Protractor
Vertically
. opposite angles
 The angles on the opposite sides of the

crossing lines are equal.

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 Cont…
.
Alternate angles
 Consider
. a line segment crossing two
parallel line segments. This line is called a
transversal

 The angles within the parallel line segments

on the opposite sides of the transversal are
equal.
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 Cont…
.
 .
.

 They are also called Z - angles

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 .
Corresponding angles

The
. angles on the same side of the transversal and
on the same side of the parallel lines are equal. They
are called corresponding angles and sometimes
called F – angles

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 Cont…
.
Parallel Lines
.
Different Types of Angles Formed by
Parallel Lines and a Transversal.

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Polygons And
Regions
.
A polygon is a plane figure whose sides
are three or more coplanar segments
. that intersect only at their endpoints.
 Different Types of Triangles

A triangle – is a polygon with three

sides. The sides
connect the points called vertices
A right – angled triangle – has one
angle equal to
90º

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Cont…
.

. An isosceles triangle – has two
equal sides and two equal
angles.

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Cont…
.
 An equilateral triangle – has three equal sides
and all angles equal.
.

 NOTE:A triangle with all sides different and all

angles different is called scalene triangle.
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Cont…
.
.

 A triangle with vertices A, B and C is

denoted as
A triangle has two kinds of angles
a. Interior angles
b. Exterior angles
 Interior angle – is an angle inside

the triangle. The sum of interior

angles of a triangle is
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 Cont…
.
 Example,
. consider the triangle below

 Exterior angle - is an angle outside the

triangle. Consider the triangle below
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Cont...
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 86

 Cont…
.
Example 2
Find
.
the angles x and y in the diagrams
below

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Cont…
.
Different Quadrilaterals
. A quadrilateral – is a polygon with four

sides. Examples of quadrilaterals are a

square, a rectangle, a rhombus, a
parallelogram, a kite and a trapezium.
 A square – has equal sides and all

angles are 90º

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Cont…
.
 A rectangle – has two pairs of opposite
. sides equal and all angles are 90º

A rhombus – has all sides equal. Opposite

angles are also equal.

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Cont…
.
 A parallelogram – has two pairs of
. opposite sides equal. Opposite angles
are also equal.

 A kite – has two pairs of adjacent sides

equal. One pair of opposite angles are
also equal.

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 Cont…
.
 A trapezium – has one pair of opposite sides pair.

 Any quadrilateral is made up of two triangles.

Consider the below quadrilateral.

 Sum of angles of quadrilateral

03/17/2025 = 2 ×180º = 360º
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 91
 Cont…
.
Example 3
. Find the angles x and y in the diagrams
below

Solution

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Cont…
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 93

 7. ALGEBRA
Algebraic Operations
• An algebraic expression uses letters to
represent one or more number(s).
• The parts of an expression collected together
are called terms.
• Like terms are ones which have same
variables such as x + 2x.
• Unlike terms are the ones which have
different variables 5x +9y.
• An algebraic expression can be evaluated by
replacing or substituting the numbers in the
variables
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 Cont…
.
Example 1
. Evaluate the expressions below, given
that x = 2 and y = 3

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 95

Cont…
.
Example 2
.
Evaluate the expressions below, given that
m = 1 and n = - 2

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 96

 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
.
 The expressions can be simplified by
.
addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
 Addition and subtraction of algebraic
expression is done by adding or subtracting
the coefficients of the like terms or letters
 Coefficient of the letter – is the number
multiplying the letter
 Multiplication and division of algebraic
expression is done on the coefficients of
both like and unlike terms or letters
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 97
Cont.
.
Example
. 4
Simplify the expressions below

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 98

Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 99

Equations with One Unknown
.
An
. equation is statement that two expressions are
equal.
When you shift a number or term from one side of
equation to another, its sign changes
 If it is positive, it becomes negative

 If it is negative, it becomes positive

Example 5 Solve the following equations

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 100

Cont.
.
Solution
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 101

Cont.
.
Example 6
.
Naomi is 5 years young than Mariana. The total of
their ages 33 years. How old is Mariana?
Solution

∴Mariana
03/17/2025 is 19 yearsMwl Swai, G +255766765325 102
Equations with Two Unknowns
.
Simultaneous
. Equations
These are equations with more than one variables.
A simultaneous equation can be solved by using two
methods:
 Elimination method

 Substitution method

Elimination method
Steps
 Choose a variable to eliminate e.g. x or y

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 103

Cont.
.
. Make sure that the letter to be eliminated has the


same coefficient in both equations and if not,

multiply the equations with appropriate numbers
that will give the letter to be eliminated the same
coefficient in both equations.
 If the signs of the letter to be eliminated are the

same, subtract the equations

 If the signs of the letter to be eliminated are

different, add the equations

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 104

Cont.
.
Example
. 8
Solve the following simultaneous equations by
elimination method.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 105

Cont.
.
Solution
.
a. Eliminate y

To find y put x = 2 in either equation (i) or (ii)

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 106

Cont.
.
(b)Eliminate
. x

In order to find y, put x = 2 in either equation i) or ii)

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 107

Cont.
.
(c)
. Given

To find g put r = 3 in either equation (i) or (ii)

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 108

Cont.
.
By
. substitution
Steps
 Make the subject one letter in one of the two

equation given
 Substitute the letter in the remaining equation and

proceed as in case of elimination

Example 9
Solve the following simultaneous equations by
substitution method
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325
03/17/2025 109
Solution
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 110

 Inequalities
These are expressions connected by the inequality
symbols<,>,≤ or≥.
Where
< less than,
> greater than,
≤ less or equal
≥ greater or equal
Linear Inequalities with One Unknown
An inequality can be solved by collecting like terms on
one side.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 111
Cont..
• The direction of inequality does not change during
addition and subtraction, Multiplication and division
of the sides by positive number.
• Multiplication and division of the sides of the
inequality by a negative number changes the
direction of the inequality.
• Example 11: Solve the following inequalities

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 112

Cont..
• Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 113

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 114

Linear Inequalities from Practical
Situations
• To represent an inequality on a number line, the
following are important to be considered:
• The endpoint which is not included is marked with an
empty circle
• The endpoint which is included is marked with a solid
circle.
Example
Represent on number line

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 115

Cont..
.

Example
Solve the following inequalities and represent the
answer on the number line.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 116

Cont..
• Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 117

Cont..
•.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 118

Examples on Real Numbers
1. Solve for 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥| = 5

For any number 𝑥, |𝑥| = 5, there are two possible

Solution

values. Either 𝑥,= +5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5

2. Solve for 𝑥, given that |𝑥 + 2| =4
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 119

8. RATIOS, PROFIT AND
LOSS
Ratio
A ratio – is a way of comparing quantities measured in
the same units.
Examples of ratios
1. A class has 45 girls and 40 boys. The ratio of number
of boys to the number of girls = 40: 45
A Ratio in its Simplest Form
Simplify the following ratios, giving answers as whole
numbers

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 120

Cont.…

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 121

Profits
. and Loss

. If you buy something and then sell it at a higher
price, then you have a profit which is given by:
Profit = selling price − buying price
 If you buy something and then sell it at a lower
price, then you have a loss which is given by: Loss
= buying price − selling price
 The profit or loss can also be expressed as a
percentage of buying price as follows:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 122

Cont.
.
Example 4
.
Mr. Richard bought a car for 3, 000, 000/− and sold
for 3, 500, 000/−. What is the profit and percentage
profit obtained?
 Solution

Profit= selling price − buying price = 3,500,000-

3,000,000=500,000
Therefore the profit obtained is 500,000/-

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 123

Cont.
.
.

Example 5
Eradia bought a laptop for 780, 000/− after two
years she sold at 720, 000/− . Calculate the
percentage loss.
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 124

Cont.
.
. Loss = buying price − selling price


= 780, 000 − 720, 000 = 60, 000/−

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 125

 Simple
. Interest
 The amount of money charged when a person borrows
. money e. g from a bank is called interest (I)
 The amount of money borrowed is called principle (P)

 To calculate interest, we use interest rate (R) given as a

percentage and is usually taken per year or per annum

 Example 6

Calculate the simple interest charged on the following

a. 850, 000/− at 15% per annum for 9 months
b. 200, 000/− at 8% per annum for 2 years

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 126

Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 127

Cont.
.
Example
. 7
Mrs. Mihambo deposited money in CRDB bank for 3
years and 4 months. A t the end of this time she
earned a simple interest of 87, 750/− at 4.5% per
annum. How much had she deposited in the bank?
Solution
Given I = 87, 750/− R = 4.5% % T = 3 years and 4
months
Change months to years
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 128
Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 129

9. COORDINATE GEOMETRY

. Coordinates of a points – are the values of 𝑥

and 𝑦 enclosed by the bracket which are used to


 The plane used is called 𝑥𝑦 − plane and it has two

describe the position of a point in the plane.

axis; horizontal axis known as 𝑥 − axis and; vertical

axis known as 𝑦 − axis
 For example to locate a point (2,5) in xy- plane

The x-coordinate is 2 and the y-coordinate is 5.

Move 2 units to the right on the x-axis and 5 units
up on the y-axis. Mwl Swai, G +255766765325
03/17/2025 130
Cont.
.
.

 The x-coordinate always comes first, followed by the

y-coordinate.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 131
Cont.
.
Example
. 2: Locate the ordered pairs (3,4) and (4,3)
same xy- plane.
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 132

Gradient (Slope) of a Line
Gradient or slope of a line – is defined as the
measure of steepness of the line

Consider two points 𝐴 (, )and 𝐵 (, ), the slope

between the two points is given by:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 133

Cont..
134

Example: Find the gradient of the lines joining: a.

(5, 1) and (2,−2)
b. (4,−2) and (−1, 0)
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325

Cont..

a. The line joining (2,−3) and (𝑘, 5) has gradient −2.

Example

Find 𝑘
b. Find the value of 𝑚 if the line joining the points
(−5,−3) and (6,𝑚) has a slope of½
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 135

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 136

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 137

Equation
. of a Line
The
. equation of a straight line can be determined

 The gradient and the 𝑦 − intercept (at x = 0) or 𝑥 −

if one of the following is given:-

intercept ( at y=0).
 The gradient and a point on the line

 Since only one point is given, then

 Two points on the line

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 138
Cont.
.
Example
.

a. Gradient 2 and 𝑦 − intercept −4

Find the equation of the line with the following

b. Gradient and passing through the point (2, 4)

c. Passing through the points (3, 4) and (4, 5)
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 139

Cont.
.
.

 Divide by the negative sign, (−), throughout the

line is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 16 = 0
equation
∴The
03/17/2025
equation of the
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 140
Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 141

Cont.
.

a. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 and
. The equation of a line can be expressed in two forms


b. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
 Consider the equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑚 = Gradient of the line

 Example 4:

a. 2𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 1
Find the gradient of the following lines

c. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 142
Cont.
.
 .

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 143

Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 144

Cont.
.
Intercepts
The line of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, crosses the 𝑦 −
.

𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 when 𝑥 = 0 and also crosses 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 when 𝑦

=0
See the figure below

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 145

Cont.
.

 to get 𝑥 − intercept, let 𝑦 = 0 and

Therefore
.

 to get 𝑦 − intercept, let 𝑥 = 0

From the line, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 − intercept, let 𝑥 = 0
𝑦=𝑚0+𝑐=0+𝑐=𝑐
𝑦 − intercept = c
 Therefore, in the equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +

𝑐, 𝑚 is the gradient and 𝑐 is the 𝑦 − intercept

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 146
Cont.
.

Find the 𝑦 − intercepts of the following lines

Example
.

 Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 147

Graphs
. of Linear Equations

. The graph of a straight line can be drawn by using



two methods:
a. By using intercepts
b. By using the table of values

Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

 Example 6

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 148

Cont.
.
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 149

Cont.
.
 By using the table of values
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 150

10. AREAS AND
PERIMETERS
• Perimeters of Triangles and Quadrilaterals
Perimeter – is the total length of a closed shape.
It is obtained by adding the lengths of the sides
inclosing the shape.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 151

 Cont.
.
Example
. 1: Find the perimeters of the following
shapes

Solution
a. Perimeter = 7𝑚 + 7𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 3𝑚 = 20 𝑚


b. Perimeter = 2𝑚 + 4𝑚 + 5𝑚 = 11 𝑚
c. Perimeter = 3𝑐𝑚 + 6𝑐𝑚 + 4𝑐𝑚 + 5𝑐𝑚 + 5 𝑐𝑚 +
03/17/2025 4𝑐𝑚 = 27 𝑐𝑚
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 152
Circumference of a Circle
.

circumference 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒.

 The perimeter of a circle is the length of its
.

measurements. (a)diameter 9 𝑐𝑚 (b) radius 3½𝑚

 Find the circumferences of the circles with the following

(Take 𝜋 = 3.14)
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 153
Cont.
.
 Solution
.

 The circumference of a car wheel is 150 𝑐𝑚. What

is the radius of the wheel?

Given circumference, 𝐶 = 150 𝑐𝑚

Solution

From

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 154

Area of a Circle
.
 Consider a circle of radius r;
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 155

Cont.
.
.
Example 6: Find the area of the circle below,

Solution

Example 7: A circle has a circumference of 30 𝑚.

Area of a circle,

From, C = 2𝜋𝑟
What is its area?

Then,
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 156
Areas of Trapezium and Parallelogram
.
 The Area of a Parallelogram
.
A parallelogram consists of two triangles inside.
Consider the figure below:

 The Area of a Trapezium

sides 𝑎 and 𝑏
Consider a trapezium of height, ℎ and parallel

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 157

 Cont.
.
Example 4:
• .
Find the area of the parallelogram below,

 Solution
Area of parallelogram,

The area of a trapezium is120 m2. Its height is 10 𝑚 and one

Example 5:

of the parallel sides is 4 𝑚. What is the other parallel side?

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 158
Cont.
.

Given area, 𝐴 = 120 m2, height, ℎ = 10 𝑚, one

. Solution


parallel side, 𝑎 = 4 𝑚.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 159

Areas of Rectangles and Triangles
.
. Area – can be defined as the total surface covered


 Consider a rectangle of length 𝑙 and width 𝑤

by a shape.

 Consider a square of side 𝑙

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 160

Cont.
.
Example
. 3
Find the area of the figure below,

Solution
Area of rectangle,

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 161

Cont.
.
. Area of triangle with a height, ℎ and a base, 𝑏


 Example 4: Find the area of the figure below

Solution
area of triangle,
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 162
 FORM TWO

•FORM TWO TOPICS

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 163

1. EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
.
Exponents tells how many times the number repeats
.
itself. Consider

 Indicate power, base and exponent in the following

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 164

Cont.
.
Example
. 2.
Write the expanded form of the following powers:

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 165

 Laws
. of exponents
 First
. law: Multiplication of positive integral
exponent

 Example 1. Evaluate the following

 Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 166

Cont.
.
. Second law: Division of positive integral exponent


 Example4: Evaluate
Solution

 Third law: Zero exponents

 Fourth law: Negative integral exponents

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 167

 The Laws of Exponents
.
Example5. Express the following as positive exponents

.

 Single exponent: Generally, (xm)n = X(m x n)

 Also,

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 168

More
. questions

. Solve the following equations

1.

2. Simplify the following expressions:

3. Write the reciprocal of the following numbers:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 169

Radicals
.
 Radicals are opposite of exponents. When a number
.
is expressed as a product of equal factors, each of
the factors is called the root of that number.
 For example,

25 = 5×5; so 5 is a square root of 25:

216 = 6 ×6 ×6, 6 is a cube root of 216:
81 = 3 × 3 ×3 ×3,3 is a fourth root
 Therefore, the nth root of a number is one of the n

equal factors of that number. The symbol for nth root

is n√ where√ is called a radical and n is the index
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 170
Cont.
.
. Example 1: Simplify the following radicals


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 171

Cont.
.
.n


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 172

Cont.
.
.g


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 173

Cont.
.
. hy


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 174

Cont.
.
 Simplify the following:
.

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 175

Cont.
.
. Simplify each of the following expressions:


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 176

Cont.
.
.g


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 177

Cont.
.
 Rationalize the denominator of the following
.
expressions:
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 178

Cont.
.
. Rationalize the denominator for each of the


following expression

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 179

Cont.
.
.h


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 180

Cont.
.
.g


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 181

Cont.
.
.g


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 182

. 2. ALGEBRA

. An algebraic expression uses letters to represent



one or more number(s).

 The parts of an expression collected together are

called terms.
 Like terms are ones which have same variables such

as x + 2x.
 Unlike terms are the ones which have different

variables 5x +9y.
 An algebraic expression can be evaluated by

replacing or substituting the numbers in the

variables
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 183
Cont.
.
Example
. 1
Evaluate the expressions below, given that x = 2 and
y=3

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 184

Cont.
.
Example
. 2
Evaluate the expressions below, given that m = 1 and
n=-2

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 185

 .
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

. The expressions can be simplified by addition,



subtraction, multiplication and division.

 Addition and subtraction of algebraic expression is

done by adding or subtracting the coefficients of

the like terms or letters
 Coefficient of the letter – is the number

multiplying the letter

 Multiplication and division of algebraic expression

is done on the coefficients of both like and unlike

terms or letters
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 186
Cont.
.
Example
. 4
Simplify the expressions below

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 187

Cont.
.
..


03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 188

 Quadratic expressions
• A quadratic expression is an expression written in
form of a+bx + c where a ≠ 0 and
a is a coefficient of ,
b is a coefficient of x
c is a constant.
Its highest power of variable is 2.
• Factorization
The operation of resolving a quantity into factors.
In some expressions factorization can by done by
taking out the common factors

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 189

Cont..
Example: Factorize the expression 5a+5b.
Solution
In factorization of 5a+5b, we have to find out a
common thing in both terms which is 5 for our case.
∴ 5(a + b).
Example .
Factorize 18xyz-24xwz
Solution
Factorizing 18xyz-24xwz, Then fact out common it
factors , the answer will be 9xz(2y-3w).
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 190
Cont..
Methods of factorization
• By splitting the middle term

Factorize 3 - 2𝑥 – 8 by splitting the middle term.

Splitting the middle term

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 191

 Cont..
Factorize + 10𝑥 + 25 by splitting the middle term.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 192

 Quadratic
. equation
 The equation written in form of ax2 + bx + c =0 where
.
a≠0. b and c are any numbers
 Methods used for solving value of x

-by factorization
- by completing the square
- by general formula
By Factorization
An equation is expressed in terms of its factors by
splitting the middle term.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 193
 Example
.

Solve the value of x given that 3x2 +6x+ 3 = 0.

.
Solution
Find two numbers whose product is 9and their sum is 6.
The numbers are 3 and 3.
Hence the equation 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 can be written as:
3x2 + 3x + 3x + 3 = 0
3x(x + 1) + 3(x + 1) = 0
(3x + 3)(x + 1) (take out common factor which is (x + 1))
either (3x + 3) = 0 or (x + 1) = 0
therefore
03/17/2025 3x = -3 or xMwl=Swai,-1G +255766765325 194
 Example
.
 Solve
. the equation 10y 2
– 3y - 1 = 0 by factorization.
Solution
-Two numbers whose product is -10 and their sum is -3
are 2 and -5.
-Then, we can write the equation 10y2 – 3y - 1 = 0 as:
2y(5y + 1) – 1(5y + 1) = 0
(2y – 1)(5y + 1) = 0
-Therefore, either 2y – 1 = 0 or 5y + 1 = 0
∴y= or
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Example
Solve the quadratic equation below by factorization
4 - 20𝑥 + 25 = 0.
Solution
We need to split the middle term by the two numbers
whose product is 100 and their sum is -20. The
numbers are -10 and -10.
2x(2x - 5) – 5(2x -5) = 0
(2x – 5)(2x - 5) = 0
X=

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Example
Solve the equation - 16 = 0.
Solution
Use difference of two squares which is an identity of
the form - = (a + b)(a - b)
So, - = (x + 4)(x - 4)
Now, either x- 4 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
Therefore x = 4 or x = -4

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The Solution of a Quadratic Equation
by Completing the Square
Examples
Add a term that will make the following expression a
perfect square: - 8
Solution
For an equation to be perfect square, = 4ac
a = 1, b = -8 then = 4 x 1 x c
4c = 64
C = 16
∴ 16 has to be added.
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Example
Solve the following quadratic equation by completing
the square: + 4 + 1 = 0

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 199

example.
Solve by completing the square: 3 + 7 – 6 = 0

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 200

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 201

General Solution of
Quadratic Equations
From ax2 + bx + c =0, by completing the square

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 202

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 203

Example
Solve 5 – 8 + 3 = 0 by using quadratic formula.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 204

Cont..

Example:
Solve this quadratic equation by using quadratic
formula: 3 = - 7x - 4

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 205

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 206

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 207

 2. LOGARITHMS
• Standard form
Standard form is sometimes called scientific
notation
It is written as A x 10n , where 1≤ A <10
Example, write the following numbers in standard
form
(a) 47055 = 4. 7055 x 104
(b) 0.00025 =2.5 x 10 -4
(c) 456.0067= 4.560067 x 102
(d) 4.5 = 4.5 x 100
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Definition
. of logarithm

. Consider 2x2x2x2x2x2 = . In the exponent 6 is



called the logarithm of 64 to base 2.

 In short it is written as Log 264 = 6
In general: = y is written as Log ay = X
Example
Express the following in logarithmic form
(a) =

(b) (b) 0.1 =

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 209

Cont.
.
Solve
. for x in each of the following
(a)x =Log 10100 means =100 =

∴x=2

(b) -5 = Logx0.00001 means =

∴ x = 10
(c) Log 10x = 2 means = x
∴x= 100

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Laws
. of logarithm

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 211

Application of laws of logarithm
.
Use
. the laws of logarithms to evaluate the following:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 212

Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 213

 Cont..
.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 214

Cont.
.
 Change of base
. general:
In

 Find the value of x given Log 327 + = 2

Solution
Log 327 + = 2
Log 327 + Log3 x = 2
Log 3 27x = 2 means = 27x
X= =

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 215

 Logarithms
. to Base 10
 The
. logarithms whose base is 10 are called common
logarithms.
-Sometimes the bases are not written.
-For examples
log 1000 = log = = 3
Log 0.00001 = log = -5Log 10 10= -5
 Example
Given that,
log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 7 = 0.8451, find
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 216
Solution
.
=Log = log 56 – log 3 = log x 7 – log 3
.
=3log 2 + log 7 – log 3
=(3 x 0.3010) + 0.8451 – 0.4771
=0.9030 + 0.8451 – 0.4771
∴ Log = 1.271
 If log10 2 = 0.30103, log10 3 = 0.47712 and log10 7 =
0.84510, find the values of
(i) log10 45 (ii) log10 105

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 217

 Find Products, Quotients, Roots and
.
Powers of Numbers

 The number has two parts. The number before decimal part
.
is called characteristic and is called mantissa.
 All operations are just as usual operations except division when
we are given a negative characteristic. For example;

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Example
. 2.
Evaluate
. the following:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 219

Calculation using logarithms
.
. Find the product of 25.75 ×450.


Solution

∴25.75 ×450 = 11590

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Cont.
.
Calculate
. using logarithms
Solution.

∴ = 4.3142
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 221
Cont.
.
. Calculate


No Standard form Log

ത .1618
3
(38.1)2 3.81 x 101 1.5809 x 2
0.005678 5.678 x 10-3

ത . 7542
3
+

2.9355 ÷ 3
Numerator 0.9160
∛ 862 8. 62 x 102
Denominator 0.9785

Numerator 0.9160
-

ത .9375
1
Denominator 0.9785

0.866 8.66 x 10-1 antilog ത .9375

1

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 Questions
.
.1. Determine x in each of the following
(a) Log (x2 + 3x - 44) = 1 (b) log 2 (2x + 1) = 0

2. Find the value of x in the following

equation
Log x = 2log 3 + log 25 +3log 2 – log
3. Compute

4. If log a = 1.2, log b =1.5 and log c = 0.5,

calculate log ∛ ()
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 223
 . 3. CONGRUENCY
Congruent
. figures
Polygons are congruent if their corresponding sides and
angles are equal. The symbol for congruence is ≅
Congruence of triangles
 SSS (side-Side-Side): if three pairs of sides of two
triangles are equal in length, then the Triangles are
Congruent.

AB = A'B' (given)
BC = B'C' (given)
AC = A'C‘ (given)
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 224
 Cont.
.
 SAS
. (Side-Angle-Side):If two triangles have two
sides and the included angles equal, respectively
then the triangles are congruent.

AB = A'B ‘ (given)
AC = A'C ‘ (given)
<BAC = < B'A'C' (given)Mwl Swai, G +255766765325
03/17/2025 225
 Cont.
.
 ASA (Angle-Side-Angle): If two angles and the included
.
side of a triangle are congruent to two angles and the
included side of another triangle, then the two triangles
are congruent.

<CAB = <C'A'B' (given)

<ABC = < A'B'C' (given)
BC = B'C‘
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 226
Cont.
.
. AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) If two angles and the non-


included side of one triangle are congruent to the

corresponding parts of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 227

Cont.
.
. If the hypotenuse and one leg of one right angled


triangle are equal to a corresponding hypotenuse

and one leg of the other right angled triangle, the
two triangles are congruent

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 Questions
Prove that the two Triangles (ΔABC and ΔBCD) below
are Congruent.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 229

Cont..
Use the figure below to answer the following
questions:

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 230

 . 4. SIMILARITY

. Two figures are said to be similar if,



-Have the same shape

-The corresponding angle measures are equal
-Corresponding sides have the same ratio.
 Example, Given similar triangles below, find the
length of sides a and b

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Similarity
. Theorems of Triangles

There are three ways to find that the two Triangles are Similar.
.
1. Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity Postulate - If two angles of one
triangle are congruent to two angles of another, then the
triangles must be similar.

2. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Similarity Theorem - If the lengths of

the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then
the triangles must be similar.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 232
Cont.
.
.

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Similarity Theorem - If an angle

of one triangle is congruent to an angle of a second
triangle and the lengths of the sides including these
angles are proportional, then the triangles must be
similar.

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 233

Qn
.
1.Use similarity to calculate side AB
.

2. Given Triangles ABC and PQR which are similar. If the

lengths of sides AC = 4.8cm, AB = 4cm and PQ = 9cm find
the length of side PR if side AB corresponds to PQ and BC
corresponds to QR.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 234
 5. GEOMETRICAL
TRANSFORMATION
Transformation in a plane is a mapping which moves
an object from one position to another within the
plane.
The new position after a transformation is called the
image.
Examples of transformations are reflection, rotation,
enlargement and translation.
A transformation in which the size of the object is
same as the size of the image is called isometric
mapping.

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1. Reflection

A reflection is a transformation which reflects all points

of a plane in a line called the mirror-line.
Reflection is denoted by letter M.
• Reflection in x-axis (along the line y = 0)
In general,
Mx-axis (x, y) = (x, -y).
• Reflection in y-axis (along the line x = 0)
In general,
My-axis (x, y) = (-x, y).
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 236
Cont..
• Reflection in the line y = x
The line y = x makes an angle 45° with the x-axis and y
axis.
In general My=x (x, y) = (y, x).
The co-ordinates are exchanging positions
• Reflection along y = -x
The line y = -x makes an angle of 135° with the
positive x-axis.
In general My= -x (x, y) = (-y, -x).
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Questions
1. Point Q(-4,3) is reflected in the y-axis. Find the
coordinates of its image.
Solution
My-axis (x, y) = (-x, y).
My-axis (-4, 3) = (- (-4), 3) = (4,3)
2. Reflect the point (1 ,2) in the line y = -x.
Solution
My= -x (x, y) = (-y, -x).
My= -x (1, 2) = (-2, -1).
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 238
 Cont..
Find the image of the point A (1, 2) after reflection in the
line y=x
Solution
(x, y) = (y, x).
(1, 2) = (2 , 1)
Find the image of the B (3,4) after reflection in the line x
axis.
Solution
(x, y) = (x, -y).
(3, 4) = (3, -4).
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 239
2. Rotation
• This is a transformation which moves a point through
a given angle about a fixed point.

• Rotation is isometric mapping and is denoted by

letter R. The symbol means that an object is rotated
through an angle θ
• The angle measured in clockwise is negative and in
anticlockwise is positive.
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Cont..
• For origin (0, 0) a Centre of rotation,
Angle of rotation Point Image
90 ° (or -270 °) (x , y) (-y , x)
180 °(or-180 °) (x , y) (-x ,-y)
270 ° (or -90 °) (x , y) (y , -x)

Example
Find the image of the point B(4,2) after a
rotation through 90° about the origin in
a) Clockwise direction b) anticlockwise direction
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 241
Cont..
Solution
(a) Rotation through 90° Clockwise
(x, y) = (y , -x)
(4, 2) = (2 , -4)
(b) Rotation through 90° Anti clockwise
(x, y) = (-y , x)
(4, 2) = (-2 , 4)

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3.Translation
This
. is the straight movement without turning. It is
usually denoted by T.
Generally: T (x , y) (a, b) = P'(x + a, y + b)
Where;
(a , b) Number of units moved in x and y respectively.
A translation takes the origin to (-2, -5). Find where
it takes (2 ,-3)
T (x , y) (a, b) = P'(x + a, y + b)
T (2 , -3) (-2, -5) = P'(2 + -2, -5 + -3)
It03/17/2025
will take at (0, -8) Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 243
.Enlargement
• Is the transformation in which the body is made
larger (magnified) or smaller (diminished).
• Enlargement is not isometric transformation since
the object size is not the same as image size.
• The size of how much the point is enlarged is defined
by the scale factor.
• Find the vertices of triangle ABC with vertices A(1,6)
B(5,4) and C(3,2) under transformation factor 2.
Hence draw on the same plane triangle ABC and its
image.

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6. PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Pythagoras theorem states that:
• In a Right Angled Triangle, the sum of squares of
smaller sides is exactly equal to the square of
Hypotenuse side (large side).

• Thus, = +

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 245

 Cont..
1.Find the length of the side which is missing

Solution
a = 9, c = 15
= +
=-
= 12
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 246
 . 7. TRIGONOMETRY
.Gives relationship between the angles of right


angled triangle and its sides.

 Consider the right angled triangle below,

 The right-angled triangle can be used to define

trigonometrical ratios
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Mwl Swai, follows: 247
Cont..
• Sine =
• Cosine =
• Tangent =
The short form of Tangent is tan, Sine is sin and cosine
is cos.
The simple way to remember,

SO TO CA
H A H

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 248

Examples
.
1.. Given a triangle below, find sine, cosine and
Tangent of an angle indicated.

Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 249

Cont..
• Sin α = = = 0.6
• Cos α = = = 0.8
• Tan α = = = 0.75
2. Given that
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 250

Cont..

QN
Given triangle ABC with an angle BAC being a right
angle if AC = 12 cm and AB = 5cm find
(a) BC (b) Cos C (c) Tan C (d) Cos B
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Trigonometric Ratios of
Special Angles
The special Angles we are going to deal
with are 300, 450, 600 and 900

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Simple Trigonometric Problems
Related to Special Angles
1. Find the value of x if
Solution

2. Find the value of 4tan 450 + 2cos 600

Solution
= 4tan 450 + 2cos 600
=(4 ) + (2 )
=5

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 253

Angles of elevation and
.
depression
Angle of elevation is the angle between the line of
.
sight and the horizontal when the object is above
the horizontal line.

α is the angle of elevation

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 254
Angle
. of depression
This is the angle between the line of sight and the
.
horizontal when the line of sight is below the horizontal.
Consider the figure below,

B is the angle of depression

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 255
Examples
From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of a
depression of an object that is level with the base of
the cliff is 350. How far is the Object from the base of
the cliff?
Solution

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 256

 Cont..
. Angle of depression = 350

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 257

QN
The Angle of elevation of the top of a tree of one
point from east of it and 56 m away from its base
is250. From another point on west of the tree the
Angle of elevation of the top is 500. Find the distance
of the latter point from the base of the tree.

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 8. SETS
• A set is a collection of related things such as a herd
of cattle, a collection of trees, a pile of books.
• A set is described/denoted by curl brackets {} and
named by capital letters.

A is written as A = 𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦

• For example If A is a set of books in the library then

• The things/objects in a set are called elements or

members of a set shortly denoted as Є
• Example If A = { a, b} then aЄA and bєA

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 259

Cont.
The number of elements in a set is denoted by n(A) say
for set A.
For example if A = {a, e, i, o, u} then n (A) = 5
Sets are described by different three ways
Let A be a set of even numbers then
• By words A = {Even numbers}
• By listing A = {2,4,6,8,10…}
• By formula A = {x: x= 2n where n = 1, 2…}

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Types
. of sets
i. Finite set: is a set whose elements can be counted.
.
Example A = {2,4,6,8,10}
ii. Infinite set: is a set whose elements cannot be
counted.
Example A ={1,2,3,4…}
ii. Empty set: is a set with no elements.
it is denoted by {} or ∅
ii. Unit set: is a set with only one element.

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Comparison
. of sets
Sets may be equivalent, equal or subset of the other.
.
Equivalent sets are sets whose members match exactly.
Example set A = {2,4,6,8} and B = {a,b,c,d,}
The two sets can be matched as
A = {2,4,6, 8}

B = {c, a, b,d}
Generally if n(A) = n(B) then two sets are said to be
equivalent.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 262
Cont.
.
Equal sets: If two sets are equivalent and their members
.
are alike, then the two sets are said to be equal.
If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, a, b, d} then the two sets are
equal since elements are in set A and in set B
A Subset
When we define a set, if we take piece of that set, we
can form what is called a subset.
For example
If A = {a, b, c} and B= {a, b} then B is said to be subset of
A. Symbolically it B⊂A, this type is called proper subset.
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 263
 Cont.
.
. If A=B then either A is subset of B or B is subset of A,
this type is called Improper subset,
Symbolically A⊆B or B⊆A.
The number of subsets of a set with n elements is
given by 2n.
Note; an Empty set is a subset of any set.
Example:
How many subset are there in set (a)A= {a, b, c}
(b) {1,3,5,7}
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 264
 Universal
. set
. Is a single set which consists of all elements under
consideration.
It is denoted by U
Operation with sets
1. Union
Elements of two or more sets are put together with
no repetition. It is denoted by ∪
Example. If A = {4,5,7} and B = {5, 6, 8} then
A∪B = {4,5,6,7,8}
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 265
 Operation
. with sets

 Union
.
The union of two sets A and B is the collection of all
objects that are in either set with no repetition
It is written A ∪ B .
Elements of two or more sets are put together
Suppose A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5} and
Then: A ∪ B= {elements in either set without
repetition}
= {1,2,3,5}
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 .
Cont.
 Intersection
.
The intersection of two sets A and B is the collection
of all objects that are in both sets.
It is written A ∩ B .
Example;
If A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {d, e, f, g} then
A ∩ B = {d, e}.
Also, if asked to find n(A∩B) = 2

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 267

 Cont.
.
 Compliment
.
If A is a subset of a universal set, the elements of a
universal set that are not in A are the complements of
set A.
It is denoted Ac. Or A′.
If μ= {whole numbers}, find A' if set A = {1,3,5,7}
Solution
A' = {elements which are not in set A but are in μ}
A' = {0,2,4,6}
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Venn
. diagrams

. Are the diagrams (ovals) devised by John Venn for



representation of sets.
 The rectangle represents universal set and the circles

in it represents a set.
 Example: Represent the following in Venn diagram

a. A ={ a, b, c} b. A={a, b ,c} and B={a, b, d, e}

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 269

Cont.
.
. Shade the region represented by
1.

(a) A∩B (b) A ∪ B (c) A'

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 270

Number of elements in a set
.
 If we have two sets, A and B then:
.
n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
 Example 1.

Given n(A) = 18, n(B)= 24, n(AUB)=40, find n(A∩B)

Solution
n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
40 = 18+24 - n(A∩B)
n(A∩B)= 42-40
n(A∩B)= 2
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 271
Word problems involving sets
.
Example 1

1.A
. boy has 50 marbles, 35 had red markings, 20 had
some blue markings and 12 had both red and blue.
How many marbles had neither red nor blue
markings?
Solution
Blue
Red 23 12 8 μ
7
From the diagram, 7 marbles had neither red nor blue
03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 272
Example
. 2
In
. a certain street of 200 houses, 170 have electricity
and 145 have glass doors. How many houses have both
electricity and glass doors
Solution
By using Venn diagram
170-x+x+145-x=200
315-x=200
x = 115

∴115
03/17/2025
houses have both electricity and glass doors
Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 273
 . 9. STATISTICS
. Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis,
interpretation, presentation and organization of
data.
 Methods of presenting data

Pictograms
Bar charts
Line graphs
Pie charts

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Bar
. Charts

. Is a graphical display of information using bars of



different heights.
 In a recent math test students got the following

grades:

 Represent the information using bar graph

03/17/2025 Mwl Swai, G +255766765325 275

Cont.
.
. Scale: Horizontal scale: 1 cm represents 1 grade


 Vertical scale: 1 cm represents 2 students

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 Line
. Graphs

.These are graphs showing information that is



connected in some way.

Example
You are learning facts about mathematics and each
day you do test to see how Good you are.

Represent
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Solution
.
. Vertical scale: 1 cm represents 2 facts that you


were right
 Horizontal scale: 2 cm represents 1 day

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 Pie
. Chart
. This is a special chart that uses “pie slices” to show
relative size of data.
Example
The survey about pupils interests in subjects is as
follows: 30 pupils prefer English, 40 pupils refer
French and 50 pupils prefer Kiswahili. Show this
information in a pie chart.

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Solution
.
. Find the degrees of each pie slice


Use a protractor to measure degrees of each sector.

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Cont.…
.
. Solution


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More
. examples

. The graph below shows the temperature over the

1.
year:

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.Cont.
. From the graph we can get the following data:
i. The month that had the highest temperature was
August.
ii. The month with the lowest temperature was
February.
iii. The difference in temperature between February
and may is (320-290)=30C.
iv. The total number of months that had
temperature more than 300C was 9.
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 Frequency
. distribution
.Frequency is the number of times a data appears in a
group.
Types of Data
 Grouped data

 Ungrouped data

Make a frequency table from the following data of

ages of 10 students.
14, 15, 16, 14, 17, 14, 15, 16,13, 14

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Cont.
.
Solution
.
Frequency distribution table for ages of 10 students

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 Example
. 2.
.In mathematics test the following marks were
obtained
9, 16, 13, 7, 8, 4, 18, 10, 17, 18, 9, 12, 5,
9, 9, 16, 1, 8, 17, 1, 10, 5, 9, 11, 15, 6, 14,
9, 1, 12, 5, 16, 4, 16, 8, 15, 14, 17.
If the class size is 4 group the works
starting with the interval 0-3 and draw
frequency distribution table.
Solution
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Cont.
.
Solution
.

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 Cont.
.
.Grouped data are given in intervals with a specific
common class size,
For example 4-7 the class size is 4,
4 is called lower limit and 7 is called upper limit.
Lower real limit, is obtained by subtracting 0.5 from
lower boundary while,
upper real limit by adding 0.5 to the upper
boundary.
Class size = upper real limit – lower real limit
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Class mark of a class interval
.
. This is the central value of a class interval


 Class interval=

 Referring to our interval, 4-7 the class mark will be

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 GRAPHS
. OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

. HISTOGRAMS
Are rectangular figures plotted with class marks
against frequencies.
Example
Draw histogram for 100 Mathematics examination
scores in the table below

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Cont..
.
.

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 Frequency
. polygon
. Is the line graph of class frequency plotted against
class marks.
 Steps

-Add one interval below the lowest interval and one

highest and assign them a zero frequency.
-Plot a point and join them by straight line.
Example.
Draw frequency polygon from the following data

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Cont..
.
Class interval Frequency
.
100-104 0
95-99 3
90-94 7
85-89 9
80-84 13
75-79 20
70-74 23
65-69 17
60-64 8
55-59 0

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Cont.
.
 Solution
.

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 Cumulative
. frequency curve (Ogive)

. This is the graph drawn with cumulative frequency

in vertical axis and upper real limits in the
horizontal axis.
 Cumulative frequencies are obtained by adding

frequency of smallest interval to the next interval

downward or upward depending on whether data
are arranged in descending or ascending order
 NOTE: The last entry in cumulative frequency is

always equal to the total number of observation.

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Example
.
Draw
. an ogive (cumulative frequency curve) for the
following. Score Frequency
70-74 5
65-69 15
60-64 25
55-59 35
50-54 20
45-49 10
40-44 30
Total N=130

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Cont.
.
Solution
.

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