University Of Tripoli

Post Graduate Studies

Translation Department

Research Methodology

Topic : Sampling

Prepared by: Wafa Abu Alkasim Alazoumi.

Main outlines
 What is sampling?
 Sampling process.
 Sample size.

 The types of sampling:-

 Probability Sampling methods

 simple random sampling.
 systematic sampling.
 stratified sampling.
 clustered sampling.

 Non-Probability Sampling methods

 Quota sampling.
 Judgmental or purposive sampling.
 convenience sampling.
 snowball sampling.

 Sampling error.
 conclusion.
 Sampling :

 ‘’Is the process of selecting a few (a sample) from a bigger group (the
sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the
prevalence of unknown piece of information, situation or outcome’’
(Kumar, 2014, p. 177).

 Is an important element of life, and especially social research. We create

judgments about people, places, and things based on partial evidence
(Robson & McCartan, 2016).

 Sampling is a process of selecting a representation units from an entire

population of a study.
Sampling process:

 Finding and defining the target population is the first stage.

 describing the population that is accessible and guaranteeing the sampling
window.
 indicating the sampling unit.
 defining the procedures for choosing a sample.
 Finding the size of the sample.
 describing the plan for sampling.
 deciding on a preferred.

 (Robson & McCartan, 2016)

Sample size:
 ‘’A sample size of thirty is held by many to be the minimum
number of cases if researchers plan to use some form of statistical
analysis on their data’’ (Cohen,Manion.Morrison, 2007 p.101 ).

 ‘’Findings based upon larger samples have more certainty than

those based on smaller ones. As a rule, the larger sample size, the
more accurate the findings’’ (Kumar, 2014, p. 177).

 Sample size is essential for ensuring the reliability and

generalizability of study findings.
The types of sampling:

Non Probability Sampling Probability

Sampling

Quota sampling Simple random sampling

Judgmental or purposive Systematic sampling

sampling

Convenience sampling Clustered sampling

Snowball sampling Stratified sampling

Simple random sampling:
 Each element in the population is given an equal and independent
chance of selection (Kumar, 2014, p.185 ).

 Advantages:
 Randomness reduces bias.
 Every sample is equal likely.

 Disadvantages:
 Could involve a lot of time for large data sets.
 Since all possible samples are equally likely, possible that some of
the samples may not representative.
Systematic sampling:
 Systematic sampling is a sampling technique where every nth
member of the population is selected for inclusion in the sample.

 Advantages:
 Simple to take.

 Disadvantages:
 There could be a hidden period trait in the data.
 Bias risk: Bias may be introduced if there is a recurring pattern in
the population.
Stratified sampling:
 ‘’This involves dividing the population into number of groups or
strata, where member of a group share particular characteristic or
characteristics ‘'(Robson, McCartan, 2016, p. 278).
 Advantages:
 Easy to devide into strata that every type of subject is in the
sampla.
 Disadvantages:
 You may not know the important rait to control or how to stratify
so that there is no overlap in the stara.
Cluster sampling:
 Involves grouping the population and then picking the groups into clusters
rather than individual elements for inclusion in the sample (Kothari, 2004).
 Advantages:
 Cluster sampling is frequently more practical and cost-effective than other
sample methods, particularly when the population is big and
geographically distributed. It also makes data collecting more efficient
because researchers may collect information from all individuals within
specific clusters.
 Disadvantages:
 The randomly chosen cluster may not be representative of the population.
Quota sampling:
 Using the non-probability sampling technique known as quota
sampling, researchers separate the population into strata or
subgroups according to attributes like age, gender, income, or
educational attainment (Kumar, 2014).
 Advantages:
 Sample can be controlled for certain characteristics.
 Disadvantages:
 Bias and variability cannot be quantified or managed.
 Time consuming.
Judgmental or purposive
sampling:
 “This type of sampling is extremely useful when you to construct a
historical reality, described a phenomena or develop something
about which only a little known’’(Kumar, 2014, p. 190).
 Advantages:
 Efficiency.
 Relevance.
 Disadvantages:
 Bias selection of sample may occur.
 Limited generalizability.
Convenience sampling:
 “This involves choosing the nearest and most convenient persons
to act as respondents. The process is continued until the required
sample size has been reached’’ (Robson & McCartan, 2016, p. 280).
 Advantages:
 Very low cost.
 convenient and efficient, allowing researchers to collect data from
subjects who are easily available and accessible.
 Disadvantages:
 Bias.
Snowball sampling:

The researcher identifies one or more individuals from the

population of interest. After they have been interviewed, they are
used as informants to identify other member of the population
(Robson & McCartan, 2016, p. 281).

 Advantage:
 volunteers suggested by previous volunteers may have already
developed confidence and rapport with the researcher, resulting in
greater cooperation and openness in the study.
 Disadvantages:
 Bias and ethical consideration.
Sampling Error:

 If many samples are taken from the same population, it is unlikely

that they will all have characteristic identical with each other
(Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2018).

 Sampling error is often taken to be the difference between the

sample and population mean.

 Refers to the discrepancy between the characteristics of the

sample and the population, is an inherent limitation of sampling.
Conclusion:

 If sampling procedures are not used properly, they might add bias,
limit generalizability, and pose ethical concerns. Sampling
restrictions include sampling bias, limited generalizability of
findings, sample size constraints, sampling frame issues,
volunteer bias, ethical concerns, and sampling inaccuracy.
References:
 Cohen, L. Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education
(8th ed.). Routledge.
 Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
 Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.
New Age International.
 Kumar, R. (2014). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for
Beginners (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.
 Robson, C & McCartan, K. (2016). Real World Research (4th ed.). Wiley.
Thanks for listening