Telecommunication Networks (ECEg-4282)

Chapter One
Introduction to Telecommunication Systems

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Outline

 Introduction

 Historical Perspective

 Timeline of Modern Telecom

 Standardization and Standard Organizations

 Interested Parties in Standardization

 Telecommunication Service
Definition
What is telecommunications?
 “tele” – Greek for distant
 “communicatio” – Italian for connection
 Telecommunication
distant connection or
 transfer of meaningful information from one location to another

 Today it means:
 “high tech” methods of information transfer

Voice

Video

Data

The two types of telecommunication companies are :

Service provider

Equipment provider

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Introduction

Telecommunication includes:
1. Mechanical Communication And
2. Electrical Communication.

This is why many authorities such as the national post, telegraph, and
telephone (PTT) companies are involved in telecommunications using
both forms.
The share of mechanical telecommunications such as conventional mail
and press is expected to decrease, whereas electrical, especially
bidirectional, communication will increase and take the major share of
telecommunications in the future.

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Introduction Cont’d……

Fig.1.1 Telecommunications
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1. Telecommunications networks make up the most complicated
equipment in the world.
2. Telecommunications services have an essential impact on the
development of a community.
3. The operations of a modern community are highly dependent on
telecommunications.
4. Telecommunications plays an essential role on many areas of
everyday living.
such as:
Banking, automatic teller machines, tele banking
Aviation, booking of tickets
Sales, wholesale and order handling
Credit card payments at gasoline stations
Booking of hotel rooms by travel agencies
Material purchasing by industry
Government operations, such as taxation
Standardization
 Telecommunication networks are designed to serve a wide variety of
users which are using equipment from many different vendors.
 To design and build networks effectively, standards are necessary to
achieve:
 interoperability,
 compatibility and
 required performance in a cost-effective manner.
 Open standards are needed to enable the interconnection of systems,
equipment and networks from different manufacturers, vendors and
operators.

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Standardization Cont’d…..
 The most important advantages and some other aspects of open
telecommunication standards include:
 Standards enable competition.
 Standards make the interconnection of systems from different
vendors possible
 Standards make users and network operators vendor independent
and improve availability of the systems.
 Standards make international services available
 Standards are opportunities to the industries of small countries
 Standards lead to economies of scale in manufacturing and
engineering.
 Political interests often lead to different standards in Europe, Japan
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and the United States.

……
To clarify and understand the influence of standardization on our everyday
lives, consider these examples of international standardization:
Screw thread pitches (ISO, Technical Committee 1):This was one of

the first activity areas of standardization. In the 1960s, a bolt from one car
would not fit another. Currently, bolts are internationally
standardized and most often compatible.
International telephone numbering and country codes: Without

globally unique identification of subscribers, automatic international

telephone calls would not be available.
Telephone subscriber interfaces.
……

 Television and radio systems.

 Frequencies used for satellite and other radio communications.

 Connectors and signals for PC, printer, and modem interfaces.

 LANs: These enable people to use computers from any manufacturer

in a company network.
 Cellular telephone systems: Enable users to choose a handset from

among a large selection with different features from many different

vendors.
Standard Organizations

 Many organizations are involved in standardization work.

 These standard organizations can be national, continental and
international.
National Organizations:
 The most important national standard organizations include:
 The British Standards Institute (BSI)- United Kingdom
 The Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN)- Germany
 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-United States
 The Finnish Standards Institute (SFS)-Finland

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Standard Organizations Cont’d……
European Organizations:
 The most important European standard organizations
include:
 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 The European Committee for Standardization
(CEN/CENELEC)
 The European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT)

Fig. European Standard Organizations

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Standard Organizations Cont’d……

American Organizations:
 The most important American standard organizations
include:
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
 The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

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Fig. 1.3 American Standard Organizations
 Standard Organizations Cont’d……

Global Organizations:
 The most important Global standard organizations include:
 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU):
 It has nearly 200 member countries
 is divided between two major standardization bodies:
1. ITU-T works for the standards of public telecommunications
networks (e.g., ISDN), and
2. ITU-R works with radio aspects such as the usage of radio
frequencies worldwide and specifications for radio systems.

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Standard Organizations Cont’d……

 The International Standards Organization/International Electro

technical Commission (ISO/IEC) is a joint organization responsible
for the standardization of information technology.
 ISO has done important work in the area of data communications
and protocols, and
 IEC in the area of electromechanical, environmental, and safety
aspects.

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Interested Parties in Standardization
 There are several groups that are interested and involved in
standardization for different reasons.
 Network operators:
 To improve the compatibility of telecommunications systems
 To be able to provide wide-area or even international
services
 To be able to purchase equipment from multiple vendors
 Equipment manufacturers:
 To get information about future standards for their
development activities as early as possible
 To support standards that are based on their own technologies
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 To prevent standardization if it opens their own markets

Interested Parties in Standardization Cont’d…..

 Service users:
 To support the development of standardized international services
 To have access to alternative system vendors ( multivendor networks)
 To improve the compatibility of their future network systems
 Academic experts:
 To become inventors of new technological approaches

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Fig. 1.4 Interested Parties in Standardization

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